青少年抗逆力的研究及其培养

Fostering Resilience in Children: A Research-based Approach

抗逆力的培养对于解决当前青少年心理健康问题具有重要意义。抗逆力是指个体身处困难、挫折、失败等逆境时的心理协调和适应能力。抗逆力研究始于20世纪70年代,从抗逆力保护因子的分析逐渐过渡到在发展观和生态系统视角下研究保护因子作用机制。抗逆力的内在保护因子包括身体健康、智力、计划能力、内部控制源、胜任感、自尊、自我效能感、目标感等,外在保护因子包括支持性家庭环境、动机性和信息性教师支持、成功或快乐经验、良好同伴关系等等。提高青少年抗逆力,需要从系统生态的角度制定全方位的干预计划,包括培养儿童面临逆境时的积极情绪,加强家庭成员之间爱的联结,开设抗逆力课程,对危险因子较多学生提供个别化辅导,构建关怀学生生存价值的学校文化,以及从社区或政府角度对处境不利儿童或家庭提供必要的经济、法律、社工等支持。

Resilience plays an important role in psychological wellbeing of children in adversity. Resilience refers to the capacity of successful adjustment and adaption despite challenging and threatening circumstances. Research on resilience was originated from the 70s of 20th century, shif- ted gradually from identifying protective factors to causal mechanism of such factors under a develop- mental and ecological perspective. While internal protective factors include physical health, intelli- gence, planning ability, internal locus of control, self - esteem, self - efficacy and sense of goal, external protective factors include supportive family environment, motivational and information teacher support, experience of success and happiness, good peer relation etc. Fostering resilience for children require an intervention package that coordinates and integrates multiple strategies, which include but not limited to the following： （1） sustaining positive attitude toward adversity; （2） enhancing intimate connections among family members; （3） offering training course on resili- ence; （4） providing individualized support for student experiencing more risk factors; （5） cultiva- ting a school culture that cares the existential value of the student as an individual; and （6） offering necessary financial, legal, and social assistances for children or families at risk via local community or government.