比较宪法学视阈下的民初根本法

The Basic Law of the Early Republican Era from the Perspective of Comparative Constitutional Law

民初制宪经历了一个不断积累经验的过程。《临时约法》趋重"民权主义",强化立法机关,造成权力失衡的政制结构缺陷。《中华民国约法》趋重"国权主义",集权行政,导致权力过分集中,为袁世凯复辟帝制作了铺垫。"天坛宪草"虽适度削弱国会权力,却在限制国家元首的用意下保留畸形的责任内阁制。《中华民国宪法》在文本上比此前各根本法都完备,但所作"联邦"的制度设计呈模糊化倾向,对"统一"与"联邦"如何协调,并无具体制度规范。民初制宪存在政治局势干扰及时人政治观念淡薄等问题,但以国民党和进步党为代表的两大政治派别先后操控制宪则是宪法畸变的关键。

The drafting of the early Republican constitutions involved a continuous accumulation of experience.The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China,which emphasized the 'Principle of Democracy'and the strengthening of the legislature,resulted in a flawed political structure with unbalanced powers.The Constitutional Compact of the Republic of China stressed statism,leading to the excessive concentration of power in the executive and thus paving the way for Yuan Shikai's revival of the monarchy.Although the ' Temple of Heaven'Draft Constitution trimmed congressional power,it retained a distorted system of cabinet responsibility intended to curb the power of the head of state.The text of the Constitution of the Republic of China was more complete than that of its predecessors,but its design for a federal system tended to be vague,without no specific institutional rules or norms that would have coordinated'unity'and 'federalism.' The constitutions drafted during this period suffered from the effects of the political situation and from people's undeveloped political ideas,but the key factor distorting the outcome was the successive manipulation of the two major political factions represented by Kuomintang and the Progressive Party.