近代华北乡村地权分配再研究--基于晋冀鲁三省的分析

New Research on the Distribution of Rural Land in North China:An Analysis of Shanxi,Hebei and Shandong Provinces

对于中国近代乡村地权分配问题,学界仍然存在土地分配集中和土地分散的争论。运用吉尼系数的研究方法,分析20世纪二三十年代山西、河北、山东三省的地权分配情况,可知三省乡村农户土地占有相对分散,但地权分配吉尼系数大致在0.5以上,地权分配很不平均。这一方面是因为存在占地较多的业户,虽占地规模大小不一,但都远超过村庄户均占地规模;另一方面,存在较高比例的无地户、少地户,少地户占地未达到或者远低于户均土地,从而形成土地占有两极分化。了解晋冀鲁三省地权分配的结构性特征,是认识近代华北乡村危机以及后来中国共产党土地改革的基础。

Scholarly debate continues about whether the pre-1949 distribution of rural land was concentrated or dispersed.A Gini coefficient analysis of land distribution in Shanxi,Hebei and Shandong in the 1920s and 1930s shows that rural land holdings in these provinces were relatively dispersed,with the Gini coefficient of land distribution being 0.5 or higher.This shows a very uneven distribution.This was partly because some households had larger holdings which,though they varied in size,far surpassed the village average,and partly because there was quite a high proportion of landless households and households with only a little land,with the latter having land holdings that were below or far below the average.This led to polarization in the possession of land.A good knowledge of the structural features of land distribution in these provinces provides a basis for understanding the pre-1949 rural crisis in northern China and the later CPC land reform.