论国际人道法中的平民概念——兼评红十字国际委员会《解释性指南》

On the Concept of Civilian in International Humanitarian Law:with Comments on ICRC’s Interpretive Guidance

平民是国际人道法的基础概念,国际人道法没有直接而是通过排除战斗员间接定义平民。由于战斗员概念本身比较模糊,形式要件要求超过实质要件要求,因此平民概念具有不确定性,而两分法和旋转门又加剧了平民概念的困境。红十字国际委员会在《解释性指南》中试图通过完善战斗员的实质要件以更好地界定平民,但其提出并依赖的两个关键标准,即持续作战职责和直接参加敌对行动,在理论和实践上均存在一定瑕疵。虽不具法律效力,但《解释性指南》代表了国际人道法在平民问题上的最新努力和进展,其所提供的逻辑框架和分析工具具有重要参考价值。继续深入讨论平民问题并形成有关国际习惯法或国际条约,是妥善解决平民概念不确定性较为现实和可行的途径。

Civilian is the basic concept in international humanitarian law.Rather than directly,international humanitarian law defines civilian indirectly by excluding combatant.As the vagueness of combatant and the fact pro forma requirements for combatant surpasses its substantial counterparts,which brings about uncertainty to the concept of civilian,with dichotomy and revolving door aggravating things even worse.Although the Interpretive Guidance by ICRC tries to complete substantial requirements of combatant to better define civilian,unfortunately,two key standards ICRC presents and relies on are flawed either in theory or in practice.Though not legally binding,the Interpretive Guidance represents the latest efforts and progress on civilian in international humanitarian law and the logic framework and analyze tool it provides are of great reference value.The realistic and feasible way uncertainty of civilian’s concept gets solved properly is to continue in-depth discussion on civilian-related issues and to develop pertinent customary international law or international treaty.