微生物定量风险评价

Overview of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment

微生物定量风险评价是一种以定量的方式评价人暴露病原微生物后发生健康不良风险的可能性,它包括危害识别、危害表征、剂量-反应评价、暴露评价和风险表征。通过危害识别和危害表征识别和量化病原因子后,利用剂量-反应评价确定病原暴露水平(剂量)与相应健康不良结果的严重程度和发生频度(反应)之间的关系。在剂量-反应评价中,指数模型和β-泊松模型是最常用的剂量-反应模型。风险表征是在整合危害识别、危害表征、剂量-反应评价和暴露评价的基础上,利用静态微生物风险评价模型或动态微生物风险评价模型定量估计在特定暴露条件下相关人群发生不良影响的可能性和严重程度,包括伴随的不确定性。微生物定量风险评价有助于理解和管理病原危害,获得的定量信息能更好地确定病原微生物风险的大小,权衡和改进病原风险控制措施。文章评述了微生物定量风险评价过程和模型,并以三峡库区万州饮用水隐孢子虫风险为例介绍如何实施微生物定量风险评价,期望为我国微生物定量风险评价研究提供有益的参考。

Method of quantitative microbial risk assessment （QMRA）is elaborated involving hazard identification and characterization, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization in terms of the risks of human beings exposure to microbial pathogens. QMRA can assist in understanding and managing microbial hazards and available information can be preferably used to determine the severity of microbial risks, weighing and improving measures of pathogen risk control. Additionally, the risk assessment components of QMRA process and the relevant models were reviewed, and how QMRA was implemented during coping with a case of Cryptosporidium in drinking water of Wanzhou District in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region was described in this paper.