尊像与经变——禅学背景下东晋西方净土造像的双线发展

Reverent Images and Jingbian Images:Two Modalities of Western Pure Land Images in Eastern Jin Dynasty in a Chan Context

东晋后,伴随各类净土经典的翻译、重译和传播,弥陀净土信仰逐步发展,并反映出其禅法、般若学内蕴。同时,西方净土造像也体现了禅观之功能与特点。此外,无量寿佛像的造作从一开始就可能出现了显隐两条并行的发展线路:一是立体雕刻,笔者称之为"尊像图"系,其为显线;二是平面绘刻,笔者称之为"经变图"系,这条线路比较暗弱,长期以来学界重视不足,遂为隐线。本文将对隐微于佛教文献中的中国早期"西方净土变"萌芽予以揭释。

Beginning in the Eastern Jin dynasty, along with the translation, retranslation and spreading of Pure Land scriptures, Amitabha＇ s Pure Land belief was developing to reflect the ideas of Chan and Prajnaparamita theory in Pure Land belief. Pure Land imagery embodies the function and characteristics of Chan meditation. In addition, the representation of Amitayus Buddha emerged in two different modalities： three-dimensional sculptures or ＂reverent images＂ and the less m anifest paintings and engravings or ＂fingbian images＂. The second modality has been long ignored by scholars. This article studies early Chinese Pure Landfingbian images that are implied in Buddhist literature.