沈阳市居住就业结构的地理空间和流空间分析

Residence-employment structure analysis on spaces of geography and flows in Shenyang City

以沈阳市为案例,使用"六普"居住人口数据和"二经普"就业数据,通过因子分析方法进行居住和就业一体的综合空间分析。在城市尺度上的地理空间与"流变量"视角下"流空间"的比较分析发现:在城市地理空间表达上,居住功能的作用明显重于就业,但就业功能对城市地理空间也有所表达,居业一体的空间分析仍然是有意义的;在社会构成要素的分布上,传统地理空间仍有基本的规定性,居业空间结构中居住空间差异的分层明显,而就业的集中度则高很多;文化精英在居住和就业方面与大众已经有所分化,由大学的建设和布局所致,"单位"仍然是扩张中的大城市空间结构特征之一;居住的空间扩展几乎是全方位的,而就业的扩张范围则小得多,精英层的就业空间主要集中于市中心和"金廊"一带,导致居住与就业空间不匹配;城市空间结构中形成了"居住扇"、"就业廊"、"流动圈"等几大空间构造;大学和大学城、行政机关、金融等生产者服务业是"流空间"的主要因子;在"流变量"空间格局中,就业功能分布变化的"去中心化"或"多中心化"的趋势还不明显。

This article makes a comprehensive spatial analysis of Shenyang City＇s residence-employment structure, using factor analysis method and residential and employment data from the Sixth Population Census and the Second Economic Census. Comparative analysis based on geographical space at urban scale and space of flows via flow variables reveals some key findings. （1） The four factors of Shenyang＇s geographical space are mass residential factor, comprehensive employment factor, grass-root floating population factor, and cul^ral elite factor, while the city＇s space of flows can be characterized by residential factor and employment factor. （2） The residential function plays a more important role than the employment function in shaping the city＇s geographical space, although the latter still accounts for noticeable variance across urban geographical space. Thus the analysis of integrated residence-employment space is crucial in understanding the city＇s spatial and functional structure. （3） The distribution of the elements of urban society is still largely organized within the traditional geographical space. Residential space is more differentiated than employment space, with the employment space demonstrating a higher degree of concentration. （4） Apparent differences can be observed between the residence-employment space of cultural elite and that of the ordinary urban mass. As a result of the development and distribution of universities, Danwei （working unit） is still one of the key spatial characteristics of the expanding mega-city. （5） The city＇s residential space is expanding almost ubiquitously, while the expansion of employment space is much limited. For example, the employment of elite class is located in urban heart and along the city＇s Golden Corridor, resulting in obvious residence-employment spatial mismatch. Several large-scale structures have formed in urban space, such as ＂residential sector＂, ＂employment corridor＂, and ＂flow sphere＂. （6） Universities and university towns, administrative offices, financial institutions, and other producer services are the main constituents of the city＇s space of flows. In the spatial organization of flow variables, no clear decentralization or polycentralization in employment has emerged.