《侵权责任法》第24条的理论操纵及其还原

On the Theoretical Manipulation and Reduction of Article 24 in the “Tort Liability Act”

《侵权责任法》第24条规定的损失分担制度,并非公平责任原则的一般条款。在行为人和受害人对损害的发生均无过错时由当事人分担损失,一般认为其理据在于富人对穷人的社会补偿理论,但这一理论并不必然得出特定的行为人分担受害人损失的结论。另一方面,受害人不具有任何过错令其无辜地自负损失也将有违人们结合成社会的根本目的。在行为人和受害人均不应承担损失的情况下,损害的发生实质上处于公共空间,应由社会全体成员共同负担。至于具体的路径,通过社会保障而不是商业保险的方式无论在理论上还是在实践上都更为适当。从长远看,构建意外事故社会救助基金制度是解决侵权法内在价值冲突的必然逻辑。

The loss-sharing system in Article 24 in the ＂Tort Liability Act＂ is not a general term of the fair lia-bility principle. When there is no fault for both the perpetrators and victims about the damage, the loss shall be shared by the parties. It is generally believed that the theoretical basis is the social theory by which the com-pensation comes from the rich to the poor. On the other hand, the victim does not have any fault to innocently bear his own losses, which is contrary to the fundamental purpose of the people combined into society. In the case that neither the perpetrators nor the victims are liable for the loss, then the damage exists essentially in public space so that all members of society should share the burden. As for the specific path, through social se- curity rather than commercial insurance is more appropriate both in theory and in practice. In the long run, building a social assistance fund system of accident is inevitable logic of dealing with the intrinsic value con- flicts of tort law.