清琉封贡关系的确立及其影响因素探析

Analysis of the Establishment of the Tributary Relationship between Qing Dynasty and Ryukyu and Its Influencing Factors

明朝灭亡后,中琉封贡关系没有立即确立,而是经历了一段曲折的过程。琉球因东亚局势的变化特别是中国的朝代更迭而一度徘徊不定,但最终被纳入清王朝的封贡体制当中。清琉封贡关系的确立伴随着各方势力的博弈。在此过程中,琉球基于现实主义的考量,选择了最具实力的能够保障琉球国家安全和经济利益的清王朝为靠山,依靠清王朝主导的封贡体制维系国家的存续和经济社会的发展。琉球这一选择的内在动因是"实力主义",此外还来自数百年来中琉封贡关系的历史积淀和价值认同,来自琉球自身"空道的性格"以及主导琉球海上贸易的海商集团的现实利益诉求。此外,中日琉既存的平衡互动机制也在起作用。从清琉封贡关系的确立过程能够看出琉球寻求立身于封贡体制和华夷秩序的不懈努力。琉球在明清交替、东亚海洋力量格局复杂多变的历史关头找准了位置,获取了稳定的环境,得以继续发展海外贸易,确保其继续"自为一国"二百余年。

The tributary relationship between Qing Dynasty and Ryukyu experienced a tortuous process rather than being established immediately after the fall of Ming dynasty. Ryukyu had remained on the side- lines due to changes of the situation in East Asia especially the dynastic change in China, but it was even- tually incorporated into the tributary system of Qing Dynasty. The establishment of the tributary relation- ship between Qing Dynasty and Ryukyu accompanied the game of different parties. In this process, based on realistic considerations Ryukyu chose the most powerful Qing Dynasty that could safeguard its national security and economic interests, and so Ryukyu could maintain its national survival and economic and social development relying on the tributary system dominated by Qing Dynasty. The intrinsic motivation of Ryu- kyu＇s choice was due to the strength, the historical accumulation of last hundreds of years of tributary rela- tionship history and the same value identity, and the character of blank document of Ryukyu as well as the desire of practical interests of maritime trade merchant group who led the maritime trade of Ryukyu. In ad- dition, the mechanism of balance and interaction which had existed between China, Japan and Ryukyu also worked. Ryukyu＇s unremitting effort to find its position in the tributary system and China-foreign order could be seen from the process of the establishment of the tributary relationship between Qing Dynasty and Ryukyu. In the historical juncture where the Ming and Qing dynasties alternated, maritime powers were in a complex and changeful pattern in East Asia, and Ryukyu pinpointed its position and enjoyed a stable en- vironment so that it could develop the overseas trade continually and ensure the status of a independent na- tion for the future 200 years.