从自由因果性到德福因果律:康德自由观中一个被遮蔽了的理论视角

From Free Causality to Causal Theory of Morality and Happiness:A Shaded Theoretical Perspective in Kant’s View of Freedom

在理论哲学中,自由被预设为能够为因果知识带来系统性、为自然因果序列带来完备性的概念,是因果序列上的第一因,康德由此将自由看作是一个因果性概念。不在时间中的自由因果性能力与在时间中的自然因果性能力是并行不悖的,自由作为源动力造就了某个作为现象的实体的自然因果性能力,自发地引起一个现象的序列。但是,在理论哲学中的自发因果性的自由还不是康德自由概念的精髓,他将抽象的自由理念与人类意志联系起来,并从此视角建立了道德哲学的理论体系。自由意志通过它所确立的因果性法则将感性欲求杂多统摄于自身之内,就像自然原因通过自然的因果律将现象杂多统一于自身之内一样。康德进而提出自由无非是自律的论点,自由从单纯的因果性概念到自律概念的提升,可以类比于亚里士多德的潜能到现实的提升过程。在目的王国的系统整体中被赋予实在性从而完成了从潜在能力到现实能力转换的自由理念,其实现最终被定位于德福一致的至善理念的实现。自由是能够将所有理性存在者及其合理目的联结在一起的实在的和立法的因果性能力,也是为自然因果序列带来完备性从而为因果知识带来系统性的先验理念,在此意义上,康德才将自由看作是实践哲学乃至其思辨哲学体系的拱顶石。作为康德道德目的论核心思想的德性与幸福的因果关系,在康德那里,属于自由因果联系范畴。属于本体界的德性与属于现象界的幸福之间的因果联系仅仅是人类理性的一种设想和理念,即至善的理念。德福因果律虽然在目的王国的基础上为自由因果性概念提供了更丰富的内涵,但也将其推向了宗教信仰的彼岸。从基于双重人性的自由因果性概念入手,自律、目的王国、至善、德福因果律甚至道德必然导向的宗教问题这些概念或论题联结在一起,构成了康德道德哲学的系统整体,而自由及其实现就是唯一贯穿其中的思想引线。

In Kant＇s theoretical philosophy, freedom is preset as a concept which can give systematicness to causal knowledge, and completeness to causal series, which is the first cause of causal sequence. In this sense, Kant considers freedom as a con- cept of causality. However, in practical philosophy, causality from freedom is converted to an idea with a process from poten- tial to realization which is similar to Aristotle＇s dynamic idea of substance. As a realistic concept, freedom is nothing but au- tonomy, and causal relation from freedom gains abundant connotation by means of law of causation out of morality and happi- ness. Thus, the realization of freedom signifies the achievement of deserved happiness with morality as its indispensable pre- condition. However, this new type of causal relation is just an idealized supposition of pure practical reason under the ideas of kingdom of ends and God, it inevitably leads to the conclusion that morality will necessarily advance into realm of religion.