欧洲霍乱流行时期盐溶液医用的产生与发展

The origin and evolution of medical salt solution in the European cholera epidemic period

探究盐溶液医用的产生与发展的原因及其概念是否确切,何以能被沿用至今。研究结果表明:19世纪30年代,第二次世界霍乱大流行蔓延至欧洲,威廉·布鲁克·奥·肖尔西首次提出通过静脉注射盐溶液补充病人血容量;托马斯·拉塔进行了临床应用,由此开始了盐溶液的临床应用。19世纪60年代,生理学研究中发现0.6%的盐溶液可维持神经肌肉组织的兴奋性,被称为生理水。随后,0.6%的盐溶液被大量应用于大出血病人或动物,可挽救生命,被称为生理盐水。1896年,海姆伯格提出了0.92%盐溶液是人的生理盐水。之后,在人的红细胞溶血实验中发现,0.9%的氯化钠溶液只是人血液的等渗溶液,0.9%氯化钠溶液与人血浆电解质浓度并不一致。研究结论认为,其产生与疾病关系密切,霍乱流行是其产生的主要原因;生理学研究推动了盐溶液医用的发展;盐溶液的生理浓度只是人血浆的等渗溶液。

It aimed to explore the origin and evolution of medical salt solution concept, whether its conception is exact, and how it came to be used so commonly today. William Brooke O＇Shaughnessy proposed a new method of treating cholera by the injection of saline solution into the venous system during the second cholera pandemic that swept across Europe in 1830s. It had been observed that nerve and muscle preserved their irritability and appearance for many hours in solutions of 0, 6% sodium chloride in 1860s. This solution had been termed ＂physiological water＂. The term ＂physiological salt solution＂ appeared to have been popularised after observations that transfusions of this solution were capable of saving the lives of animals and humans after profuse hemorrhage. Hamburger suggested that a concentration of 0. 92% saline was ＂physiological salt solution＂ for mammalian blood in 1896. After a red blood cell hemolysis assay, Hamburger concluded that the blood of the majority of warm-blooded animals, including human beings, was isotonic with a salt solution of 0. 9 per cent. , and not concentration. Physiological research brings prosperity. Physiological saline solution is isotonic with mammalian blood, including man, and not physiological.