自文艺复兴以来西方思想的总体走向及对20世纪西方思想与文论的总概括与展望

The Overall Trend of Western Thought Since the Renaissance and the Total Summary and Prospect of Western Thought and Literary Theory of 20th Century

人文主义与科学主义的兴起及其相互关系的变化与它们的形态、位置的更动,是自中世纪末至当代的西方思想发展贯穿始终的基始性矛盾。文艺复兴是西方社会现代进程的萌生期,启蒙运动则是现代进程的正式启动。科学从中世纪神学束缚中挣脱出来获得发展的历史情状,在哲学上产生了笛卡尔"我思故我在"的命题。启蒙运动带来了法国大革命。人的解放不仅是启蒙运动制造的大叙事,而且是真实的历史过程。在这个过程中,科学主义与人文主义是相伴而生、相互为用、共同抗争的两股思潮。因了人的发现,而加速了科学的发展;科学的发展,使人得到解放,升华了人的伟大。两者都以理性为灵魂。而黑格尔的思辨大叙事,其实正是以哲学的形式对于理性的肯定,是理性能够达到的高度之体现,是理性主宰世界的标志。在科学主义与人文主义联合作战、相伴长大的阶段中,它们不同的思维方式、情感取向、价值观就已经显示了殊异,产生了矛盾,并且已经被启蒙主义思想家发现了。人文主义也有其走向反面的因素,这早在文艺复兴时期就已经表现出来了。这就是人的发现与重视现世生活的观念造成了生活的放纵与极端的个人主义。当普遍理性在欧洲随着拿破仑的军队的推进而获得胜利时,它也产生了自己的否定因素:"民族"这个概念日益抬头。"民族"是重视自我特殊性、重视传统的,而传统中是有着信仰的、非理性的成分的。这样,它就与普遍理性、绝对理念相对立了。对理性的否定因素,更重要的还在于所谓"理性社会"本身之并不理性。这样,那个高悬的、人的存在都需要它来证明的"理性",就难以再被接受。对"我思故我在"命题的批判与纠正,成为西方哲学的一个新的起点。理性的中心地位与升华了的人,在科学主义与人文主义的彼此斗争及各自自身的调整中,均遭瓦解。于是,一个反向的运动又在萌动发展了。虽然可以以19世纪中叶为界,将自文艺复兴以来的西方思想划分为两个阶段,但它们之间的一贯性还是相当显著的。如果用一句话来对之加以概括,即这是科学理性与人文主义从联合作战、相伴长大到差异增大、矛盾显现、相互调节,再到各自取得其新的形态,获得新的位置的过程。这一过程在21世纪还会继续展开下去。20世纪西方文论对于文学运动缺少综合的、整体的把握,局部性强,宏观气局与整体性不足,史感缺乏,形式分析、阅读理论与作品存在论多,而文学史理论与创作论少、文体论软弱。因而,建立一个融中西思想文化之长、兼具哲学性与文学的特殊性的新的文学理论,乃成为一个迫切而重要的任务。

The rise of both humanism and scientism,changes of mutual relationship and alteration of their form and location,are the original contradictions throughout the end of the Middle Ages and contemporary Western thought development.The Renaissance is the initiation period of Western sociey modernization process,while the Enlightenment is the official launch of modernization process.Science broke free from the medieval theological shackles and got development,which embodied in philosophy the proposition of Descartes 'I think therefore I am'.The Enlightenment gave rise to the French Revolution.The liberation of human is not only the grand narrative produced by Enlightenment,but also is a real historical process.During this process,scientism and humanism are the two streams of thought concomitant with each other and fighting together.The discovery of 'human' accelerates the development of science,while the development of science make s 'human' get liberation and sublimation.Both are based on rational soul.Speculative Grand Narrative of Hagel affirms rationality in the form of philosophy,is a symbol of rationality dominating the world.In the phase of scientism and humanism’s joint operations and accompanied growth,their different ways of thinking,emotional orientation and values have shown differences and generated conflicts and has been found by the Enlightenment thinkers.Humanism also has its opposite factors and has already displayed as early as in Renaissance.The discovery of 'human' and the idea of attaching importance to secular life result in the indulgence of life and extreme individualism.When universal reason in Europe achieves victory along with the advancement of Napoleon’s army,it also produces negative factors: the concept of nation is growing.'Nation' attaches importance to self particularity and tradition,and tradition has its belief,faith and elements of irrationality.In this way,it is contradicted with universal reason as well as absolute concept.And more importantly,because 'rational society' itself is not rational,so reason is negative.In this way,the profound 'reason' is difficult to be accepted again.Criticism and correction upon the proposition of 'I think therefore I am' has become a new starting point of Western philosophy.The central status of reason and the sublimation of human suffered collapse between scientism and humanism’s mutual struggle and self adjustment.Thus,a reverse movement is germinating.Although taking the mid-19th century as the boundary,the Western thoughts since the Renaissance can be divided into two stages,the consistency between them is quite significant.In short,this is a process in which scientific rationality and humanism fighting as well as growing together,presenting contradictions,then adjusting mutually,and finally each achieving its new form and location.This process will continue in the 21sth century.In the 20th century,the western literary theory on literary movement was lack of comprehensive and overall grasp as well as sense of history,showing heavy locality rather than integrity,lacking theory of literature and creation and presenting weak stylistics.Therefore,to establish a new literary theory integrating Chinese and Western culture thought and blending philosophy and particularity of literature becomes an urgent and important issue.