牧歌发展之“源”与“流”——西方文学中的一个悠久的文学传统

Origin and Development of Pastoral——An Analysis of a Literary Tradition in Western Literature

古希腊诗人忒奥克里图斯的11首田园诗(Idyllen)兼具拟曲性与隐喻性,古罗马诗人维吉尔在其基础上发展创作10首牧歌(Eklogen),独尊隐喻性,牧人隐喻诗人,牧歌成为一种"诗学反思"。文章把这些诗歌作为牧歌发展之"源",结合时代背景分析了三大作品;以维吉尔为典范的意大利作家桑那扎罗在1504年出版的小说《阿卡狄亚》,"阿卡狄亚"隐喻现实并成为一个永恒的象征;以忒氏为典范的德国诗人格斯讷在1756年出版的《田园诗》,通过描写美化的田园风光为田园诗正名;德国诗人普拉滕在1834年出版的《牧歌与田园诗》,深化忒氏的丰富描写与维吉尔的"诗学反思",既是三段式发展的结束也是新起点。

11 idylls of the Greek poet Theoeritus, characterized by the mime and metaphor, and 10 eclogues of the Latin poet Virgil, characterized by the loss of the mime and the domination of the metaphor and ＂poetic reflection＂, are viewed as the origin of pastoral in this essay. In the tradition of them are three representative masterpieces： Arcadia of the Italian writer Jacopo Sannazaro in 1504, Idyllen of the German poet Salomon GeBner in 1756, Eklogen und Idyllen of the German poet August yon Platen in 1834. While Sannazaro and Gel3ner revitalized the pastoral by reforming Virgil＇s eclogues and Theocritus＇ idylls through a form and content that speak to the current world view, Platen incorporated the mime of Theokritus＇ idylls and the ＂poetic reflection＂ of Virgil＇s eclogues.