儒学、孔教与国教——论康有为保存与重建儒学的努力

Theory of Confucianism,Confucius Religion and State Religion——Kang Youwei's Efforts in the Preservation and Reconstruction of Confucianism

清末戊戌间,康有为欲变法以救中国,然而。其对君主专制的批判使儒学的合法性受到质疑。因此,康有为借鉴了基督教等宗教的某些理论与仪式,试图从理论与实践上将儒学建立为宗教。康有为的这种努力不仅是出于变法的需要而保全儒学,而且,他试图通过对儒学的重新阐释,使儒学能够在现代社会依然发挥普遍的作用,甚至能够融摄西方文明的某些方面。然而,康氏的努力最终归于失败,而儒学承担政治功能的一线希望亦最终破灭,其旧有的制度基础亦不复存在。文章主要论述了康有为建立孔教的种种意图和实践活动,以及儒学在现代社会重建的可能性,包括其面临的机遇与问题。

During the reform movement, Kang Youwei took reform to save China; however, his criticism of the monarchy questioned Confucianism＇s legitimacy. Therefore, Kang Youwei drew on some theories and ceremonies of Christianity and other religions, trying to establish Confucianism as a religion from the general theory and practice. Kang Youwei＇s effort in the preservation of Confucianism not only comes from the need of political reform, but also he tried that Confucianism could still play a common role in the modern society, and even take some aspects of western civilization, by means of reconstructing Confucianism. Kang＇s efforts ultimately failed, the hope of Confucianism＇s political functions eventually was shattered, and the foundation of old system also ceased to exist. This paper mainly discusses the purpose and practice of Kang Youwei in establishing Confucianism, and the possibility of reconstruction of Confucianism in the modern society, including the problems and opportunities.