汉语理据学雏建中的若干基本理论问题

Some Theoretical Problems in Chinese Linguistic Motivation Studies

汉语研究一直重视词语理据的考释并且取得了丰富的成果。然而近代以来因受语言任意论的冲击,汉语理据探求一度发生断层,既没有将其研究对象从古汉语单音词扩展至现代汉语双音词,也未能由具体而微的词语理据剖析过渡到高屋建瓴的汉语理据学构建。不过受益于当代语言学的"认知功能转向",国内学界最近出现新兴的理据研究势头——汉语理据学正粗具雏形。它涉及的基本理论问题有:理据与内部形式密不可分,但二者非同一概念;单音词有理据却无内部形式,而复合词既有理据亦有内部形式;复合理据析探从原子理据和分子理据入手,同时可进行多样分类;理据性和任意性是两条共同支配语言和谐演化的管控原则。围绕这些核心问题而雏建的汉语理据学必能继承传统,给力现在,开启未来,最终成长为一门解释力充盈的新学科。

The exploration of lexieal motivation had ever been focused on in the Chinese language studies. However, with the dominance of the arbitrariness theory for nearly a century, the traditional micro research on lexical motivation failed to be theoretically elevated into a discipline. Due to the ＂cognitive and functional turn＂ occurred in the contemporary linguistics, a new trend concerning Chinese linguistic motivation studies emerges and it upholds some basic views： motivation and internal form are related yet distinguished; simple words have no internal forms but compounds have both of them; compound words have atomic and molecular motivations which can be categorized variously; motivatedness and arbitrariness are two functional principles that govern language coordinately. It is believed that these theoretical findings can inherit the past, benefit the present and illuminate the future, especially in the construction of linguistic motivation studies with Chinese characteristics.