高精度切割新技术的研究现状

Research status and process advantages of high precision new cutting technologies

电火花切割、等离子切割、激光切割和超高压水切割是工业上广泛应用的高精度切割方法:电火花切割具有很高的材料利用率和接近于磨削水平的加工精度和加工表面粗糙度,但加工效率过低;等离子切割速度快,但切割过程中噪声大、烟尘多、辐射大,而且作为等离子切割机关键部件的喷嘴、电极和割炬在目前技术条件下都是易损件,无形中增加了切割成本;激光切割切割速度快、切缝小、切割材料表面质量好,但是切割材料厚度偏低,目前仅用于薄板切割;超高压水切割是一种冷态切割方式,切割材料无热变形,表面质量极佳,但切割成本过高。结合实践经验,提出了三条选用切割工艺的原则:特殊的场合选用特定的切割方法;利用热切割方法满足加工工艺要求时,则无需采用超高压水切割;在等离子切割和激光切割都能满足加工要求的情况下,最好选用等离子切割.

The four kinds of high precision cutting methods widely used in industry right now are electric spark cutting,plasma cutting,laser cutting and high pressure water cutting： electric spark cutting has high material utilization and the machining accuracy and surface roughness closing to the grinding,but the processing efficiency is low;plasma cutting has high cutting speed,but it has noise,dust and radiation during the cutting process,also the nozzle,electrode and torch as a key component of plasma cutting machine are the wearing parts in current technical conditions,potentially increasing cutting costs;laser cutting has high cutting speed,small kerfs and high cutting surface quality,but it is used for cutting sheet metal;super high pressure water cutting is a cold cutting method,so the cutting material has no heat distortion with excellent surface quality,but it has high cutting costs.Three selection principles for cutting process finally are given based on some experience accumulated in the actual production process,and considered from the material cutting process requirements and cutting costs： the special cutting method is decided by the special occasions;if using thermal cutting method can meet the requirement of the machining process,there is no need to use super high pressure water cutting;if the plasma cutting and laser cutting both can meet the processing requirements,the better selection is plasma cutting.