企业家如何影响地方政策过程--基于国家中心的案例分析和类型建构

How Do Entrepreneurs Influence the Local Policy Process? A case study and typology construction from the state-centered perspective

政商关系常被认为是一个无法探知的黑匣子,研究者很少能够通过详实的经验研究揭示企业家到底如何影响政府的政策以及决定企业家政策影响力的因素何在。聚焦于地方政策过程,本文认为,国家的制度结构和政策影响了企业家影响政府的政策过程的方式也决定了其影响力的大小。本文将这种国家内部的因素归结于三个维度,即"政策依赖性"、"政策监控度"和"权力碎片化"。基于这三个维度的差异,本文区分了五种企业家影响地方政策过程的方式,即迎合政绩、坐地要价、利益疏通、借力施压和正式沟通。其中,企业越具"政治嵌入性"而非"自主性"便越具有政策影响力。基于此,本文认为,决定企业家的政策影响力变迁和政商关系变迁的因素不仅在于市场化改革本身,还在于国家的制度和结构的变迁。

The relationship between the government and business in China has been deemed as a black box and it's difficult to reveal how the entrepreneurs influence the policy process and what factors determine the degree of influence.By focusing on the local policy process,the author argues that the institutional structure and policies of the state instead of the characteristics of the enterprises determine the way and the degree of the entrepreneurs' policy influence.The author further classifies the internal state factors into three dimensions:the degree of local government's dependence on the private enterprises,the degree of policy monitoring from the higher levels of government,and the fragmentation of the political power.Based on the three dimensions,the author finds that the private entrepreneurs adopt five strategies to influence the local government's policy process,namely,catering to the need of political achievement,making demand by reckoning on the enterprise's economic contribution,dredging through interests,leveraging pressure with the help from the higher levels of authority,and formal communication.The degree of the enterprise's political embeddedness instead of enterprise autonomy is the main source of the entrepreneur's policy influence.Finally,the paper argues that the change of the government-business relationship not only lies in the market-oriented reform,but also depends on the institutional and structural changes of the state.