环嵩山地区9000—3000aB．P．聚落演替模式及其与地形的关系

THE SUCCESSIVE MODE OF 9000 - 3000aB. P. SETTLEMENTS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE TERRAIN AROUND SONGSHAN MOUNTAIN

不同生产方式、生产水平、社会结构与组织形态对区域环境的选择与适应使得环嵩山地区9000-3000aB.P.聚落演替模式在时间上具有差异性。表现在裴李岗时期向仰韶时期演替过程中,为放弃原来聚落的位置,转而迁移至别的区域兴建新的聚落的＂迁移型＂演替模式; 仰韶时期向龙山时期演替过程中,为在保留原有聚落的基础上,向周边进行扩散,寻找新的区域兴建新的聚落的＂扩散型＂演替模式; 龙山时期向夏商时期演替过程中,为在原有聚落的基础上,面积不断扩大,规模不断扩张的＂膨胀型＂演替模式。这种聚落演替模式的差异性与区域环境,尤其是地形条件存在联系。生产方式的转变使得仰韶先民放弃裴李岗时期的近山台地聚落,转而迁移至更适合农业生产的山前平原兴建新的聚落。社会的稳固发展与聚落数量的增长迫使龙山先民在仰韶聚落的基础上寻求环境条件较好的区域新建聚落,以缓解人口增长带来的压力。社会形态与组织方式的变化使得夏商时期聚落在龙山时期聚落的基础上,面积不断膨胀,并最终导致聚落规模等级差异特征的形成。环嵩山地区早期聚落传承模式的差异性说明不同的社会形态与发展阶段是在一定的生产水平与特定的社会组织结构基础上对不同环境选择与适应的结果。

The Circum-Songshan area refers to the region of Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Xuchang, Pingdingshan and the surrounding area in the Henan Province, the center of which is the Songshan Mountain.There were 1930 ancient settlements（9000-3000aB.P.）in this area, including Peiligang（9000-7000aB.P.）, Yangshao（7000-5000aB.P.）, Longshan（5000-4000aB.P.）and Xiashang（4000-3000aB.P.）periods.According to the cultural accumulation form, this research divided ancient settlement into two types.One was single settlement which only contained a sort of cultural accumulation.The other was superimposed settlement which contained a variety of cultural accumulation.Statistical analysis showed that most of Peiligang settlements were single settlement, situated mainly on the mesa near mountain and the superimposed settlement which contained Yangshao and Longshan accumulation had the largest number, most of them distributed on the plain.Moreover, both of the amount of Longshan settlement and the size of Xiashang settlement were the largest.Therefore, the successive mode of ancient settlements of the Circum-Songshan area was summed up to three phases.First, it was the transferred succession mode from Peiligang to Yangshao periods, which mainly represented giving up the situation of former settlements and transferring to other places to build new settlements.Secondly, it was the diffused succession mode from Yangshao to Longshan periods, which represented maintaining former settlements and diffusing to the surrounding areas to build other settlements.Thirdly, it was the expended succession mode from Longshan to Xiashang periods, which represented expending the area and scale of settlements basing on the former settlements.The diversity of successive modes of ancient settlements is closely related with regional environment, especially the terrain conditions.For the transformation of productive manners, Yangshao ancestors had to give up the Peiligang settlements on the mesa near mountain and transfer to the plain in front of mountains to build new settlement which was more suitable to agricultural production.In addition, for the steady development of society and the increase of settlements number, Longshan ancestors had to look for the area of better environmental condition to build new settlements basing on maintaining the former settlements in order to deal with the pressure which coming from the increase of population.Furthermore, for the transformation of social form and organization pattern, the area of Xiashang settlements continued to expand basing on the Longshan settlements, which leaded to the forming of size-scale diversity of settlements in the end.The diversity of successive modes of ancient settlements of the Circum-Songshan area reveals that the different social forms and developmental phses are the result of the choice and adaptation to the different environment basing on the certain productive levels and specific social organization structure.