1Sharara AL, Rockey DC. Gastroesophageat variceal hemorrhage. N Engl J Med ,2001,345:669-681.
2Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J. Managenmnt of varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med ,2010,362:823-832.
3Boyer TD, Haskal ZJ. The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS) in the management of portal hypertension:update 2009. Hepatology ,2010,51:306.
4Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal A J, Grace NG, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal variees and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepa- tology, 2007,46:922-938.
6Boyer TD,Henderson JM. Portal hypertension and bleeding esophageal varices In:ZakimDand Boyer TD, eds. Hepatology:A Textbook of Liver Disease. 4th ed, Philadelphia : W. B. Saunders ;2002.581-629.
7Garcia-Pagan JC, Caca K, Bureau C, et al. Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med,2010,362:2370- 2379.
8Rossle M,Siegerstette V,Olschewski M, et al. How Much Reduction in Portal Pressure Is Necessary to Prevent Variceal Rebleeding? A Longi- tudinal Study in 225 Patients With Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosys- temic Shunts. Am J Gastroenterol,2001,96 :3379-3383.
9Bosch J, Berzigotti A, Garcia-Pagan JC, et al. The management of portal hypertension:Rational basis, available treatments and future options. J Hepato1,2008,48 : $68-92.
10Abraldes JG,Villanueva C, Ba? ares R, et al. Hepatic venous pressure gradient and prognosis in patients with acute variceal bleeding treated with pharmacologic and endoscopic therapy. J Hepatol, 2008,48 : 229- 236.
