进城农民工的高流动性及其解释

An Investigation on Job Mobility of China's Migrant Workers

中国农民工的高流动性不仅造成人力和经济效率的损失,制约了经济增长方式的转变,而且带来了严峻的社会管理问题,不利于社会融合和社会互动。从农民工的角度看,高流动性是在劳动力市场信息不对称的环境中,在提高收入、改善工作条件等愿望的促使下,通过自身不断"试错"的方式,以期获得匹配的工作。因此,外出年限、社会融入等差异所导致的获取和鉴别市场信息能力的不同使其流动速度存在差异。从企业的角度看,劳动密集型企业和出口企业以廉价劳动力为主要竞争优势,努力保持劳动力的低工资是必然的选择。企业非正规的用工制度、劳动力市场的多元分割和外出农民工与当地社会的隔离造成政府监管缺位,社会监督失灵,道德约束失效,农民工正当的权益得不到保障,年轻农民工只能"用脚投票"不断换工作,或中年后被企业辞退,导致过高的流动性。

Basing on a survey among the migrant workers in six cities of Eastern China,this research investigated and explained the job mobility of migrant workers in a comprehensive framework which incorporated both job mobility decision-making of migrant workers and recruitment and employment of enterprises. From the perspective of migrant workers,who were prompted by the desire of income gain and working condition improvement,high job mobility was caused by constantly using the trial and error method in search for better jobs in a labor market with information asymmetry. Therefore,the difference in length of urban stay and in social integration resulted in differential abilities in obtaining and analyzing market information,which resulted in differential mobility levels. From the perspective of the firms,especially the labor-intensive enterprises and export-oriented enterprises,cheap labor was the major competitive advantage,thus an inevitable choice was to strive to maintain the low wages of labor. The legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers could not be guaranteed as nonstandard employment system,segmentation of the labor market,and local social isolation of migrant workers led to the absence of government supervision,failure of social supervision as well as failure of moral constraints. Under these circumstances,young migrant workers had to vote with their feet and keep changing jobs frequently while old migrant workers were likely to be dismissed,both resulting in high level of job mobility.