基于微分对策的再制造闭环供应链回收渠道选择策略

Dynamic Closed-Loop Supply Chain Models with Product Remanufacturing

动态环境下,研究了再制造闭环供应链的两种回收渠道。通过将产品回收率建立为回收努力投入的微分方程,分别建立了制造商负责回收和零售商负责回收的动态闭环供应链模型,利用微分对策理论求解得到不同回收渠道下的最优控制策略。对两种回收渠道比较分析发现:(1)制造商负责回收下,制造商对产品回收的投入更多,产品回收率高于零售商负责回收下的产品回收率;(2)制造商负责回收下产品的市场价格更低,市场需求更高;(3)零售商在制造商负责回收下的利润更高,制造商回收是零售商的最优渠道;(4)综合考虑经济因素和非经济因素时,制造商回收同样是制造商的最优渠道。

Product remanufacturing has received increasing attention. Remanufacturing could not only reduce the natural resources needed and waste produced, but also lower a firm＇s product cost. As a result, remanufacturing is one kind of production patterns that not only benefit environment protection and low carbon production, but also reduce the cost and improve the profit level of the enterprises. The supply chain containing both forward channel and reverse channel is called ＂closed-loop supply chain＂. There are three kinds of product collect channel in the practice. The first kind is the return of used-product to the manufacturer directly from consumer to manufacturer. The second kind is that the retailer collects the used-product, and transfers to the manufacturer. The third kind is the used-product is collected by the third-party enterprise, and then transferred to the manufacturer. For convenience, M, R, and 3P modes are used to represent the three kinds of product collect channel. The current researches about remanufacturing closed-loop supply chain use time static models most of the time. The real life changes every minute, such as price, and market capacity. The joint effect are functions of time, and thus the optimal solution under the static circumstance, is the firm＇s only optimal strategy for a short time. And the static model does not consider the manufacturer ＇ s as well as the retailer＇ s long-term profit, the optimal solution is just local optimal but not the global optimal. In the closed-loop supply chain system, used-product return rate has dynamic characteristics. When an enterprise＇s investment in product collecting is large enough, the product return rate increases with time. When an enterprise＇s investment in product collection becomes zero, the product return rate will not become zero instantly, but decrease with time. The reason that the return rate decreases may come from the consumer turning to the competitor firm. In this paper, dynamic closed-loop supply chain models with product remanufacturing are proposed. By building the differential equation about return rate, which is a function of investment in the reverse channel, dynamic models of manufacturer collecting used product and retailer collecting used product are developed The optimal control strategies of both models are found by the differential game approach. The manufacturer invests more under the manufacturer collecting mode than retailer does under the retailer collectingmode. As a result, the return rate beyond the manufacturer collecting channel is higher than the return rate beyond the retailer collecting channel. When the retail price is lower, the market demand is larger. Retailers have a higher profit level under the manufacturer collecting channel. Thus, the manufacturer collecting is the optimal reverse channel for retailers. The manufacturer collecting is the optimal channel for manufacturer when comprehensively considering the economic factors with noneconomic factors, such as manufacturer responsibility. As a result, the manufacturer collecting channel works better than the retailer collecting channel in the dynamic supply chain system.