清末民初黑龙江移民社会保障述论

Discussion on Social Security of Heilongjiang Immigration in Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China

清末民初,由于中原地区灾荒匪患盛行,大量汉人生路已绝,他们纷纷涌入包括黑龙江在内的东北地区,但因其乃是逃荒之举,因此,对移民的救济就成了刻不容缓的问题。于是,各级政府、慈善救济机构和沿线运输机关在移民的招集、输送、安置等方面采取了种种社会保障措施,确保了成千上万的关内农民顺利移至黑龙江。这不仅使当地的人口数量急剧增加,更使得黑龙江地区的人口结构发生了根本变化,最终导致日俄所谓"满洲问题国际化"落空。同时,黑龙江地区的土地也得以快速开发,对减少内乱、实边固防具有重要意义。

At the end of Qing Dynasty and in early Republic of China, for the prevailing famines and banditry in the central China, many people could not manage to make a living and be forced to leave their homeland, flooding into the northeast of China including Heilongjiang area. This wave of immigration was in essence flee from famine, therefore, the issue of immigrants relief posed a pressing task. Governments at all levels, charity and relief mechanism and the transport authority took all sorts of social security measures in the aspects of immigrants calling, conveying and placement to ensure tens of thousands of farmers in the area in- side the Great Wall smoothly transferring to Heilongjiang. This not only caused a sharp increase in the local population, but also resulted in the fundamental changes in the population structure of Heilongjiang, and even- tually led to the so - called ＂the internationalization of Manchuria issue＂ in vain. At the same time, the land of Heilongjiang area had been rapidly developed, which was of great significance in reducing the civil strife, enriching the frontier and consolidating border defense.