刑法身份的功能建构——以“共犯与身份”问题为中心

Constructing the Function of Criminal Law Status——Centering on the Issue of Complicity and Status

建构身份犯、限缩刑罚权、关注人身危险性是刑法身份的三大功能。违法身份犯(义务犯、表见的身份犯)的身份是违法的基本要素,因为违法是连带的,该身份如果发生效用会对无身份者参与行为的不法产生连带性影响;责任身份犯的身份是责任要素,因为责任是独立的,该身份对无身份者的责任不产生任何影响;其他限缩刑罚权的消极身份,基本上也受违法是连带的、责任是独立的共同犯罪归责原理影响。阻却构成要件的消极身份特别地受到法益概念的相对性影响。阻却可罚性的消极身份与量刑身份均属于个别化的要素,有类似于责任身份的规范特点。

The functions of criminal law status include building status crime,limiting penalty,and paying attention to personal dangerousness.The status of lawless status crime is the basic lawless factor.For the associated relation of breaking the law,the status will affect the one without status.The status of culpable status crime is the culpable factor.For the independence of culpability,the status will not affect the one without status.Other negative statuses are affected by the principle of the associated relation of breaking the law and the independence of culpability.The breaking tatbestand negative status is specially affected by the relative conception of legal interests.The breaking punishment negative status and sentencing status are the individual factors,which have the same function as the culpable status.