春秋至秦统一后“五大夫”在军功爵中的历史定位(下)

The Historical Position of Rank “Wu Da Fu”in Granting Noble Title by Military Merits from Spring and Autumn Period to the Union of Qin Dynasty (Ⅱ)

"五大夫"爵,于两汉时期,一直是吏六百石及高爵(官爵)的分界点。但春秋时期"五大夫"便已被授予,传世文献中,至少可见魏、秦、赵等三国。"五大夫"既是爵名,也是官名。当时能够领兵作战的将领,多必须拥有"五大夫"爵,因"五大夫"是赏给对国家有极大功劳之人。商鞅变法中,得爵"五大夫"者,除了可享有《商君书》所规范的一切高爵权益,还能免除徭役,食邑最多者可高达六百家。秦始皇统一天下后,"五大夫"的政治权益虽多和统一前重迭,但秦时的领土,已是由偏处西陲而扩张至全国,史料及新近出土的简牍中,虽未见秦统一后,又增多了哪些权益,但至少在食邑上,恐将随其地域的扩展程度,而得到更高的受益。此外,秦始皇二十八年(219BC),除了授为其遮风避雨的大树为"五大夫",还将陪同其出游及参与议政的大臣,从战国时期的十级门坎,下降至第九等"五大夫"。秦始皇用皇权高举了"五大夫"的尊宠形象,使"五大夫"因此而奠定了更崇高的政治地位,此举或已深植人心,故至汉初惠帝即位,便将"五大夫"规范为官爵的起点。

The military rank ＂Wu Da Fu＂ is taken as the division between Li Liu Shi and High Peerage in the Eastern and Western Han dynasties. But in fact the rank ＂Wu Da Fu＂ began to be used in countries such as Wei, Qin and Zhao during the Spring and Autumn Period according to the ancient literatures. ＂Wu Da Fu＂ is not only a military rank, but also an official grade. It is granted to those military leaders who make great contributions to the country. In Shang Yang Reform, ＂Wu Da Fu＂ can not only enjoy all the rights and interests of the High Peerage but also be free of corvee. Besides, they can at most get 600 families to support their food. After the union of Qin Dynasty, it is possible for ＂Wu Da Fu＂ to gain more interests with the spread of their territory. In 219 BC, in order to highlight the noble image of ＂Wu Da Fu＂, Qin Shi Huang granted the trees of ＂Wu Da Fu＂ the same title, and degraded the officials who accompanied ＂Wu Da Fu＂ to the ninth ＂Wu Da Fu＂. Thus ＂ Wu Da Fu＂ has a higher political status and it is generally accepted by people of that time. Then when Emperor Hui of Han came to power, ＂Wu Da Fu＂ was taken as the beginning of the official rank.