广州变形记:从晚清省城到民国第一座现代城市

Transformation of Guangzhou： From a Provincial Capital in the Late Qing Dynasty to the First Modern City in the Republic of China

清末民初是广州的社会和城市形态发生剧烈转变的一个时期，城市一再被重新塑造，因此形成了高度拼贴和多层重叠的城市形态，既有向外的拉扯，也有不断的内卷。广州是中国近代思想和革命的发祥地，晚清时是已开始尝试近代化的省城，经历了民国初期的市政公所及之后市政厅的成立、国民政府的设立，广州拆城墙、修马路、建骑楼、开辟中轴线，完善水陆联运现代交通体系，建立现代城市规划管理体系，成为民国第一个现代意义上的“城市”。从孙中山的《建国方略》，到茂飞应孙科之邀编制的都市计划，再经过陈济棠主粤的城市建设“黄金时期”，广州尝试了包括田园城市、分区制、模范住宅区等在内的现代城市规划理念，产生了骑楼、城市中轴线等具有浓郁地域特色的城市要素。众多的大事件成为推动城市变迁的重要动力，而深刻的社会变革在形态上投射了至今清晰可读的印记，从而可以通过仔细的辨认来回顾广州当时在形态上的显著变化，并借以一窥中国城市近代化的一种历程。

From the late Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the Republic of China, Guangzhou experienced drastic social change and morphological transformation. The city was reshaped again and again via both expansion and continuously involution. As the cradle of modern thoughts and revolution of China, Guangzhou was the provincial capital which was already involved in industrialization in the late Qing Dynasty. After the foundation of Municipal Office and then Municipal Government and then National Government in the Republic of China, Guangzhou experienced the demolition of city wails, the building of road system, the construction of arcaded streets, and the establishment of city axis. Meanwhile, the water-road combined transportation system was formed and the modern city planning and management system was set up as well. Thus, Guangzhou became the first modern city in the Republic of China. In his book of National Development Strategy, Sun Yat-sen visualized the future of Guangzhou as a Garden City. In different versions of urban planning including the one made by Henry Murphy, Guangzhou absorbed many new ideas and new concepts of modem western planning such as zoning, neighborhood, etc. A series of great events became the driving forces for the city＇s transformation, and the social reform was clearly reflected in the city＇s form. Through the retrospection on the remarkable morphological changes of Guangzhou from 1886 to 1936, this paper tries to present the process of the modernization of Chinese cities.