2001—2012年某特大型铅蓄电池生产企业铅污染评价

Evaluation on the lead pollution in a large-scale enterprise manufacturing lead accumulators,2001-2012

目的对某特大型铅酸蓄电池生产企业投产12年来工作场所铅烟和铅尘及接触人群血铅进行动态分析，评价其预防职业性铅中毒效果。方法通过现场职业卫生调查，了解其生产工艺流程和基本职业卫生情况；采用火焰原子吸收光谱法检测工作场所的铅烟（尘）浓度，用石墨炉原子吸收光潘法检测接触人群的血铅水平，并分别依照GBZ2．1—2007和GBZ37—2002进行评价。结果该铅蓄电池生产企业投产以来（2001--2012年）铅尘的时间加权平均浓度（CTWA）的检测值范围为0．002—3．105mg/m3，中位数0．047mg／m3，合格率45．0％～83．3％，平均合格率61．7％（187／303）；铅烟CTWA为0．002～2．523mg／m3，中位数0．039mg／m3，合格率20．0％-100％，平均合格率49．0％（73／149）。铅烟（尘）合格率31．8％～88．9％，平均合格率57．7％（260／452），不同年度合格率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），铅烟（尘）合格率从2002年度的31．8％上升至2011年的88．9％。12年间定期职业健康检查共7893人次，血铅浓度为0．080～4．213μmol／L，平均为（1．098±0．464）μmol／L；男性、女性血铅分别为（1．131±0．440）、（0．727±0．340）μmol／L，男女血铅差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。随着年份的增长，人群血铅均值有下降的趋势（R=-0．755，P〈0．01）。12年间血铅〈1．9、1．9～2．9、〉2．9μmol／L人群构成比分别为94．83％、4．78％、0．39％。将血铅分为〈1．9（血铅正常）和≥1．9μmol／L（血铅偏高）2个等级进行构成比的卡方检验，不同年度间接触人群的血铅等级构成差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），血铅〈1．9μmol／L接触人群的构成比从2001年的80．99％上升至2012年的100．00％。共有7人诊断为慢性职业性铅中毒，其中轻度、中度中毒分别为5、2例。结论该企业投产以来铅烟（尘）浓度与接触人群的血铅水平逐年下降，血铅超标率和慢性职业性铅中毒发生率低，预防慢性职业性铅中毒效果显著。

Objective To analyze the dynamic blood lead levels in workers exposed to lead fume and dust in a large-scale enterprise manufacturing lead accumulators during the past 12 years, and evaluate the effect of prevention on occupational lead poisoning. Methods The on-site occupational health investigation was conducted to understand the manufacture process and basic occupational health situation. The lead fume （dust） concentration at workplace were detected by the flame atomic absorption spectrometry （FAAS） and the blood lead level of workers was detected by the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry （GFAAS）. The results were evaluated according to GBZ 2. 1 -2007 and GBZ 37 -2002, respectively. Results The range of time-weighted average concentration of lead dust was 0. 002 -3. 105 mg/m3 and its median was 0. 047 mg/m3 , the range of qualified rate was 45.0% - 83.3% , and the average qualified rate was 61.7% （ 187/303 ）. While the range of time-weighted average concentration of the lead fume was 0. 002 - 2. 523 mg/m3 and its median was 0. 039 mg/m3 , the range of qualified rate was 20. 0% -100% ,and the average qualified rate was 49.0% （73/149） since the lead accumulator manufacturer put into production （2001 -2012）. The qualified rates of lead fume and dust were 31.8% -88.9% and the average qualified rate was 57. 7% （260/452）, The differences of qualified rates in different years were statistically siguificant（P 〈 0. 01 ）. The qualified rate of lead fume （dust） rose from 31.8% in 2002 to 88.9% in 2011. A total of 7 893 workers had regular occupational health examination in the past 12 years. The range of blood lead concentration was 0. 080 -4. 213 μmol/L and the average was （1. 098±0. 464） μmol/L. The blood lead content of men （1. 131± 0. 440 μmol/L）was higher than that of women （0. 727 ± 0. 340 μmol/L） （ P 〈0. 01 ）. The mean blood lead levels of workers showed a significant downtrend with the growth of years（ R = - 0, 755 ,P 〈 0. 01 ）. The constituent ratios of different blood lead levels of 〈 1.9, 1.9 - 2.9, and 〉 2. 9 μmol/L in workers were 94. 83%, 4. 78%, and 0. 39% , respectively. The concentrations of blood lead in workers were classified as 〈 1.9 μmol/L （normal rank） and ≥1.9 （higher rank） to conduct the Chi-square test. The differences between two ranks of blood lead levels in different years were statistically significant（ P 〈 0. 01 ）. The blood lead level of exposed workers at rank of 〈 1.9 μmol/L was up to 100. 00% in 2012 from 80. 99% in 2001. Seven workers were diagnosed with chronic occupational lead poisoning, including 5 mild and 2 moderate cases. Conclusion The concentration of lead fume （dust） and the blood lead level of exposed workers declined year by year since enterprise starting manufacturing the lead accumulators. The exceeding standard rate of blood lead and incidence rate of chronic occupational lead poisoning were low. The effect of prevention on chronic occupational lead poisoning was remarkable.