中国三城市春季大气可吸入颗粒物和细颗粒物来源调查

Preliminary study of source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in three cities of China during spring

目的 对北京、乌鲁木齐、青岛市大气可吸入颗粒物（PM10）和细颗粒物（PM2.5）的来源进行探讨.方法 利用2007年5月17日-6月18日采自北京市、2006年4月20日-6月1日采自乌鲁木齐市、2005年4月4日-5月15日采自青岛市的大气PM10和PM2.5中化学成分的检测数据,应用因子分析法和富集因子法进行颗粒物来源分析.结果 北京市大气PM10中主要污染源元素[中位数（最小值～最大值）]为Pb[0.216（0.040～0.795）μg/m3],主要来源于建筑水泥尘、土壤风沙尘（对PM10的方差贡献率为45.35％）,工业粉尘、燃煤尘、机动车尾气（31.83％）,生物质燃烧尘（13.57％）；PM2.5主要污染源元素为Zn[0.365（0.126 ～0.808） μg/m3],污染来源于建筑水泥尘、土壤风沙尘（对PM2.5的方差贡献率为38.86％）,工业粉尘、燃煤尘、机动车尾气（25.73％）,生物质燃烧尘（13.10％）,燃油尘（11.92％）.乌鲁木齐大气PM10主要特征污染源元素为Cd[0.463（0.033 ～1.351） ng/m3],污染来源于土壤风沙尘、燃煤尘（对PM10的方差贡献率为49.75％）,工业粉尘、机动车尾气、二次粒子尘（30.65％）；PM25主要特征污染源元素为As[14.599（1.696 ～36.741） μg/m3],污染来源于土壤风沙尘、燃煤尘（对PM2.5的方差贡献率为43.26％）,二次粒子尘（22.29％）,工业粉尘、机动车尾气（20.50％）.青岛大气PM10主要特征污染源元素为Pb[64.071（5.846～346.831） μg/m3],污染来源于建筑水泥尘（对PM10的方差贡献率为30.91％）,机动车尾气、工业粉尘（29.65％）,二次粒子尘（28.99％）；PM2.5主要特征污染源元素为Pb[57.340（5.004 ～241.559） μg/m3],污染来源于二次粒子尘、工业粉尘、机动车尾气（对PM2.5的方差贡献率为49.82％）,建筑水泥尘（33.71％）.北京和乌鲁木齐大气PM2.5中重金属元素Zn、Pb、As、Cd的富集因子均高于PM10.结论 北京大气PM10和PM2.5主要来自于建筑水泥尘和土壤风沙尘；乌鲁木齐市则为煤烟沙尘型污染；青岛市大气PM10主要来自于建筑水泥尘,而PM2.5主要来自于二次粒子尘、工业粉尘、机动车尾气污染.重金属元素更易在PM2.5中富集.

Objective To study source apportionment of atmospheric PM10 （particle matter ≤ 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter） and PM2.5 （particle matter ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter） in Beijing,Urumqi and Qingdao,Chins.Methods The atmospheric particle samples of PM10 and PM2.5 collected from Beijing between May 17th and June 18th,2005,from Urumqi between April 20th and June 1st,2006 and from Qingdao between April 4th and May 15th,2005,were detected to trace the source apportionment by factor analysis and enrichment factor methods.Results In Beijing,the source apportionment results derived from factor analysis model for PM10 were construction dust and soil sand dust （contributing rate of variance at 45.35％）,industry dust,coal-combusted smoke and vehicle emissions （contributing rate at 31.83％）,and biomass burning dust（13.57％）.The main pollution element was Pb,while the content （median（minimum value-maximum value）was 0.216（0.040-0.795） μg/m3）.As for PM2.5,the sources were construction dust and soil sand dust （38.86％）,industry dust,coal-combusted smoke and vehicle emissions （25.73％）,biomass burning dust （13.10％） and burning oil dust （11.92％）.The main pollution element was Zn （0.365（0.126-0.808） μg/m3）.In Urumqi,source apportionment results for PM10 were soil sand dust and coal-combusted dust （49.75％）,industry dust,vehicle emissions and secondary particles dust （30.65％）.The main characteristic pollution element was Cd （0.463 （0.033-1.351） ng/m3）.As for PM2.5,the sources were soil sand dust and coal-combusted dust （43.26％）,secondary particles dust （22.29％）,industry dust and vehicle emissions （20.50％）.The main characteristic pollution element was As（14.599（1.696-36.741） μg/m3）.In Qingdao,source apportionment results for PM10 were construction dust （30.91％）,vehicle emissions and industry dust （29.65％） and secondary particles dust （28.99％）.The main characteristic pollution element was Pb（64.071 （5.846-346.831） μg/m3）.As for PM2.5,the sources were secondary particles dust,industry dust and vehicle emissions （49.82％） and construction dust （33.71％）.The main characteristic pollution element was Pb （57.340（5.004-241.559） μg/m3）.Enrichment factors of Zn,Pb,As and Cd in PM2.5 were higher than those in PM10 both in Beijing and Urumqi.Conclusion The major sources of the atmospheric particles PM10 and PM2.5 in Beijing were cement dust from construction sites and sand dust from soil; while the major sources of those in Urumqi were pollution by smoke and sand dust from burning coal.The major sources of the atmospheric particles PM10 in Qingdao were cement dust from construction sites ; however,the major sources of PM2.5 there were secondary particles dust,industry dust and vehicle emissions.According to our study,the heavy metal elements were likely to gather in PM2.5.