黄淮小麦农艺性状演变趋势

Agronomic Traits Development and Evolution of Winter Wheat in Huanghuai Basin

【目的】通过对黄淮小麦品种农艺性状演变趋势分析,研究黄淮小麦适应气候变化自然选择和人工高产育种选择的规律。【方法】记载二倍体、四倍体、六倍体小麦进化材料和现代小麦品种不同生育期的农艺性状,收获后测定产量性状。【结果】小麦在进化过程中,分蘖和叶片数有减少的趋势。二倍体→四倍体→六倍体野生种,株高有增加的趋势;从六倍体野生小麦到现代小麦,株高和生物学产量又有明显降低的趋势。单株总叶面积在返青—抽穗期是二倍体<四倍体<六倍体<农家种<现代品种,在开花期—灌浆期是六倍体>四倍体>农家种和现代品种>二倍体,表现相反趋势。小麦单株生物学产量有降低的趋势,籽粒产量和收获指数有增加的趋势。【结论】野生种具有适应低温和生长缓慢的野生生长方式和遗传特性,现代品种适应气候变暖而提早成熟,减少分蘖,避免旺长遭遇冷害,后期叶片将更多的干物质转运到籽粒。

[ Objective] The objective of this research was to analyze the evolutionary regularity of wheat agronomic traits and study the adaptation of winter wheat to climate change and the artificial high yield breeding. [Method] The agronomic traits of diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid wheat and modem wheat varieties were recorded in different growth periods and the yield traits were measured after harvesting. [Result] The results showed that the tillering number and leaf number tended to reduce in wheat evolution. In the evolution of diploid ---＊ tetraploid ~ hexaploid, the plant height tended to increase; from the wild hexaploid wheat to modem wheat varieties, the plant height and biological yield per plant tended to decrease. In the returning green-heading period, the evolution of total leaf area per plant was diploid 〈 tetraploid 〈 hexaploid 〈 landraces 〈 modem wheat varieties, on the contrary, in the flowering-grain filling stage, the evolution of total leaf area per plant was hexaploid〉tetraploid〉landraces and modem wheat varieties〉diploid. The biological yield per plant tended to decrease while the grain yield and harvest index tended to increase. [Conclusion] These results indicated that the wheat wild species kept the genetic character and growth pattern of adapting to low temperature and grew slowly. Under the natural climate warming selection and high yield plant type breeding selection, modem wheat varieties tended to mature earlier with fewer tillering number to avoid cold damage and more dry matter transported to the grains from leaves.