宋代学田的经营管理及影响

The Management of the School-owned Lands and its Influence in the Song Dynasty

学田在宋代形成一套比较完备的经营管理制度。在管理体制上，学田的管理分置办权与经营权。置办权最初归国家所有，后逐渐下放到州县。经营权，一是由朝廷直接管理；一是由学校自行管理。在经营方式上，采取租佃制形式，主要收取实物地租。在管理措施上，为防止学田被形势之家、豪强地主的侵佃、兼并，朝廷采取了一系列的可行政策。学田制度的推行，对宋代文教事业的发展起到了积极作用，并对元、明、清产生着深远影响。

A set of comparatively complete management system of school-owned lands was set up in the Song Dynasty. Its administration was divided into right of purchasing and right of operation. The former was initially possessed by the nation, and then decentralized to states and counties. The latter also had two concrete forms, one from the direct administration of royal or imperial government, and the other from school administration. On the mode of business operation, they adopted to rent out land to tenants in the quota form, mainly including goods rent. On managing measures, the Song imperial government carried out some feasible policies to prevent local infringement by bullying from powerful families and landlords. The implementation of the school-owned land system contributed to the positive development of culture and education in the Song Dynasty, which also had profound implications to the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.