“三墨”学说与楚国墨学

The Theory of “Three Factions of the Mohist School” and the Mohism in the Chu State

韩非子将先秦的墨家分为三派,即人们所谓"三墨"。但何谓"三墨",历来众说纷纭。细致考察先秦墨学的发展,可以看出并不存在固定不变的所谓"三墨",墨学在不同的发展阶段存在着不同的特点。同样,不同时期的墨学在楚国的传播,也存在不同特点。墨子本人曾多次至楚,楚国第一代墨者应是亲承墨子说教的鲁阳文君等人,第二代为死楚国阳城君之难的墨者孟胜及其弟子,第三代则为《庄子·天下》篇所谓"相里勤之弟子五侯之徒"和"苦获、已齿、邓陵子之属"。楚国墨学的特点也可用《庄子·天下》篇中"俱诵《墨经》而倍谲不同,相谓别墨;以坚白、同异之辩相訾,以觭偶不仵之辞相应,以巨子为圣人,皆愿为之尸,冀得为其后世,至今不决"诸语加以概括。先秦时期的楚国,可谓"东方之墨"和"秦之墨"的交融点,为中国墨学的发展和交流起着重要的融合管道作用。

Han Feizi divided the pre-Qin Mohist School into three factions.Yet opinions have always been varied as to what exactly is meant by'three factions.'Through careful research,it can be observed that there were no fixed 'three factions,'and that Mohism had different characteristics in different stages.In particular,the spread of Mohism in the Chu State at different times also had different characteristics.Mozi himself visited the Chu State many times,so the first generation of Mohists in the Chu State can be represented by Luyang Wenjun and others who received Mozis direct guidance.The second generation was Meng Sheng and his disciples.The third generation was'Xiangli Qins disciple Wuhou and their like'as well as'Kuhuo,Jichi,Deng Lingzi and their like'as recorded in the'Tianxia'Chapter of Zhuangzi.We can also refer to the description of the Mohists in'Tianxia' to understand their respective characteristics,which stated that hey all read The Canon of Mohism,but were different from each other,criticizing the other of being unorthodox.They maligned each other through the debates of'being hard versus being white'and'similarity versus difference,'as well as engaging in debates of rhetoric.They all considered'Juzi,'the leader of their group,as their master,hoping to carry on his causes. Disputes over their respective orthodoxy and characteristics have still not ended.The Chu State was indeed the point where the'eastern Mohism'met the'Mohism of the Qin State'in the pre-Qin times,playing an important role in the fusion and development of pre-Qin Mohism.