淮河流域冬小麦水分亏缺时空变化特征分析

Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variation Characteristics of Winter Wheat Water Deficiency in Huaihe River Basin

统计研究区域4个小麦种植亚区的冬小麦全生育期、冬前生长期、越冬期、返青-抽穗期、灌浆-成熟期的水分亏缺率,并对其时空分布特征进行分析。结果表明,近39 a来,淮河流域冬小麦水分亏缺率的空间分布受气候、地形等多种因素影响,具有明显的地域特点:由北向南逐步递减,呈纬向分布;冬小麦水分亏缺率的年际变化趋势虽然不明显,但各区域水分条件最好和最差的生长时段并存于同一年代中;4个冬小麦种植亚区中以淮河流域北部平原冬麦区和东北丘陵冬麦区在冬小麦生长发育中、后期,特别是灌浆-成熟的关键时期,水分亏缺严重,对产量形成有很大影响。

The whole life of winter wheat in Huaihe River Basin （HRB） are mostly in winter-spring drought sea- son. Natural precipitation shortage is the main factor which restricts the wheat production, so to study the spa- tial and temporal distribution regulation of winter wheat are very important for winter wheat planting plans and irrigation management of HRB. Based on data of pressure, vapor pressure, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed and sunlight hours of 171 weath- er stations of HRB in 1971-2010, this article calculates the water surplus and deficit rate （WSDR） of the whole growth period （before winter growth period, wintering period, reviving and heading period, grain-filling and ripening period） of four winter wheat areas of HRB, and also analyze the spatial and temporal variation charac- teristics of WSDR. The results show that the spatial distribution of WSDR in HRB in recent 39 years is affect- ed by climatic and geographic factors, and it has obvious geographical characteristics： WSDR decreases from north to south, and it is the zonal mode structure. In different growing stage of winter wheat, WSDR in grain-filling and ripening period is most serious, reviving and heading period takes second place. Although the annual tendency of WSDR is not obvious, the growth period of winter wheat which have the best and the worst water conditions are in the same age. In 1980s, the water supply of before winter growth period is the most ad- equate time, meanwhile is the most serious water shortage time from wintering period to grain-filling and rip- ening period in I, II and III areas. It is also the same as that in IV areas in 2001-2010. Moreover, WSDR dur- ing mid-later growing period in north plain and northeast hilly winter wheat area are serious in four areas, espe- cially during grain-filling and ripening period. Which effect yield greatly, it need take message to combat drought, and decrease the damage of drought.