两难情境下普通中学生和职校生的道德判断

Reasoning about Moral Dilemma from Ordinary and Vocational High School Students

参照科尔伯格的道德两难故事,结合与道德相冲突事件的领域和遵从道德的代价高低编制了4个道德两难情境,考察了584名普通高中生和职校生在违规严重性判断标准上的道德判断。结果显示,多数情况下普通高中生和职校生都倾向于认可两难情境下对道德规则的违反应当受到严厉的惩罚;两难冲突的领域显著影响中学生的道德判断,在遵从道德的代价高时,他们在道德——个人利益的两难冲突中较道德——道德冲突中更加认可道德违规行为应当受到严厉的惩罚,而在遵从道德代价低时则相反;遵从道德的代价高低对中学生的道德判断也具有重要影响,相对于低遵从代价,在道德——个人利益的两难冲突中他们更加认可高代价条件下违规者应受惩罚,但在道德——道德两难冲突中,仅在职校生中观察到这一差异;普通高中生和职校生道德判断的差异主要体现在道德——道德冲突、高遵从代价条件以及道德——个人利益冲突、低遵从代价条件下,两种条件下职校生均更加认可违规者应受惩罚。这些结果揭示出两难情境下普通中学生和职校生的道德判断特点,以及两难情境的事件领域、遵从道德的代价等因素在中学生道德推理中的重要作用。

This study, by surveying 584 ordinary and vocational high school students based on 4 moral-dilem- ma situations designed according to Kohlberg＇ s stories on moral dilemma, moral conflict events, and the cost of complying with moral norms, aims to explore high school students＇ moral reasoning on the criterion for the seri- ousness of transgression. The results show the following： in most cases, the students from beth ordinary high schools and vocational high schools tend to agree that moral transgressions in a dilemma should be punished se- verely; the domains of moral conflicts in a dilemma have a significant effect on the students＇ moral reasoning, that is, when the cost of complying with moral norms is high, the students consider that the transgression in the situation where there are conflicts between morals and personal interests should be given more severe punishment than in the situation where there are conflicts between morals; the cost of Complying with moral norms has an im- portant effect on the students＇ moral reasoning, that is, in the situation where there are conflicts between morals and personal interests the transgressors should be given punishment when the cost is high, whereas only vocational high school students observe the difference when there are conflicts between morals; the difference in moral rea- soning between these two groups of students mainly lies in two situations （the high-cost conflicts between morals, and the low-cost conflicts between morals and personal interests）, where the vocational high school students tend to agree with the punishment of the transgressors. These results reveal the characteristics of moral reasoning from ordinary and vocational high school students in moral-dilemma situations, as well as the significant roles of moral - dilemma events and cost of complying with moral norms in these students＇ moral reasoning.