中亚制造业发展的空间差异与结构特征

Manufacturing spatial distribution and structural characteristics in Central Asia

中亚经济地理是世界地理研究的重要组成部分,对新疆的向西开放战略起到基础支撑作用。制造业布局是中亚经济地理研究的核心内容之一,运用数理统计方法对中亚五国制造业发展的空间格局和结构特征进行初步分析。结果表明:中亚拥有得天独厚的资源优势,为其发展制造业打下坚实的基础,但受前苏联推行的"劳动分工"政策影响,中亚五国的制造业结构相对单一。独立后五国的制造业在经历初期的衰退后开始发展,产业多样性有所增强,但由于能源产业的迅速发展,制造业占工业增加值的比重大幅下降,由1994年的53.6%降至2010年的约30%。制造业空间布局和产业结构呈现以下特点:制造业空间分布不均衡,哈萨克斯坦制造业在五国中占具核心地位;哈国内制造业空间分布也呈现"东高西低"的不均衡分布格局;五国制造业有进一步重型化趋势;轻工业整体发展稳定,部分国家轻工产品依赖进口;制造业发展依赖外商投资和技术支持。

The economic geography of Central Asia is an important component of the world geography studies, which play a fundamental role on supporting the strategy of opening up to the west of Xinjiang, China. Manufacturing distribution is the core content of the world economic geography, this paper preliminarily analyses the spatial pattern and structural characteristics of the manufacturing of the five Central Asian countries, by using of mathematical sta- tistical methods, the results show as follows ： the unique advantages of nature resources in Central Asia are the solid foundation for its development of the manufacturing sector, but by the policy implications of the implementation of the ＂ labor division ＂ in the former Soviet Union, the five Central Asian countries had a Non-diversity structure of manufacturing. After independence, the manufacturing in five countries didn not began to develop untill the econom- ic recession finished, and manufacturing diversity has been enhanced. However, due to the rapid growth of the ener- gy industry, the proportion of industrial added values in the manufacturing sector had been dropped significantly, from 53.6% in 1994 to about 30% in 2010. There was not only an unequilibrium distribution of manufacturing in Central Asia, and Kazakhstan＇ s manufacturing had a core position in the five countries, but also an unballence spa- tial layout of ＂east-high and west-low＂ pattern of manufacturing in Kazakhstan. Manufacturing of the five Central Asian countries had an enhancing heavy industry trend and light industry was stable development during last de- cade. The light industrial products rely on the importing from from other countries, and the development of the manu- facturing depends on foreign investments and technical supports.