殷墟卜辞中的“东母”“西母”与“东王公”“西王母”神话传说之研究

"Dongmu" and "Ximu" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions from Yinxu and Myths about "Dongwanggong" and "Xiwangmu"

西王母的传说起源甚早,《山海经》、《穆天子传》、《竹书纪年》中就有相关记载。西王母究竟是人抑或是神?学术界见仁见智,莫衷一是。有趣的是,殷墟甲骨文中也有"西母",与"西母"并提的还有"东母"。甲骨文中的"西母"与载籍中的"西王母"有无关系,值得认真研究。本文将载籍中的"西王母"与甲骨文中的"西母"作了仔细比对,发现二者虽有差别,却也不无相似性和关联性。二者或有一定的渊源关系,周及其以后的西王母崇拜习俗或可追溯自殷商时代。

The earliest myths about West Queen Mother [Xiwangmu, 西王母] are recorded in Shan Haifing [山海经], Biography of King Mu [穆天子传] and Bamboo Annals [竹书纪年]. Opinions vary about whether Xiwangmu refers to a human being or deity. Interestingly, in the oracle bone inscriptions from Vinxu, both ＂Ximu＂ [西母] and ＂Dongmu＂ [东母] have been mentioned. To find out the possible connections between ＂Ximu＂ and ＂Xiwangmu＂, the author compares ancient literature with oracle bone inscriptions and studies differences and similarities between the two. The cult of Xiwangmu since the Zhou may find its origins in the Shang dynasty.