论世界的“中心—边缘”结构——读加尔通的《帝国主义的结构化理论》

The Core-Periphery Structure of the World:Revisiting Galtung's A Structural Theory of Imperialism

在工业化和资本主义世界化的过程中,特别是当一个完整的国际社会出现后,世界就呈现出了一种"中心—边缘"结构。当今世界的国际秩序就是依据这一中心—边缘结构建立起来的。也正是这一"中心—边缘"结构,使"中心国"对"边缘国"的剥削可以持续地展开,也使边缘国的中心自愿充当将其边缘创造的剩余价值传送给中心国的"传送带"。"中心—边缘"结构是一个复合性的解释框架,是与工业社会的竞争—协作行动机制交合在一起的。资本主义精神是体现在竞争与协作之中的,但是,资本主义世界化却造就了中心—边缘结构,从而出现了竞争—协作与中心—边缘这两个既相联系又有区别的分析路径。加尔通的"中心—边缘"结构理论是基于道家的阴阳学说而建构起来的,他把"阳中有阴,阴中有阳"的思想贯穿到了对国际关系体系的分析中,展示了一幅辩证法的世界图景。但是,道家的阴阳观似乎也把加尔通引向了走火入魔的境地,使他在构想打破"中心—边缘"结构的方案时,无所建树。

The world presents us with a core-periphery structure during the process of the globalization of capitalism and industrialization,especially as a complete international society came into being. The modern world was built on such a core-periphery structure,which not only allows Core nations to take continuous exploitation on Periphery nations,but also makes center in the Periphery willing to act as the'transmission belt'through which values created by periphery in the Periphery forward into Core nations. In general,we argue that the core-periphery structure can be seen as a complex explanatory framework that is entwined with the competition-cooperation mechanism in industrial society. On one hand,the spirit of capitalism has been embodied in the competition-cooperation mechanism. On the other hand,however,the globalization of capitalism produces a core-periphery structure. As a result,we can see two closely related but different paths: core-periphery and competition-cooperation. Drawing from Daoist yin-yang thinking,such as the idea of'yin within yang,yang within yin',Johan Galtung's structural theory of imperialism shows us a dialectic pattern of the world. However,it seems that Daoism has limited his insight to such an extent that he has made little valuable contributions in terms of how to break down the core-periphery structure.