三江源牧户参与草地生态保护的意愿

Herdsmen's willingness to participate in ecological protection in Sanjiangyuan Region,China

牧民对环境保护的响应是生态保护战略有效实施的关键,主体参与意愿直接影响生态保护项目实施的成效和可持续性,是区域生态经济可持续发展的前提。通过对三江源地区约283户藏族牧民通过翻译进行结构式访谈,采用Logistic模型从主体角度探讨了牧户愿意参与生态保护行为响应的主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)三江源区域约87%的牧户认为生态保护对牧户有好处,但受各种内外部因素的影响只有近70%的牧户是在政府主导下基于有限理性而被动的参与生态保护行为响应。(2)三江源牧户参与生态保护行为响应的意愿主要受当地政府的保护力度及牧户对生态保护外部性的认知水平、生计水平、外界接触程度、工作机会的正影响,并受牧户的年龄、离中心城镇的距离和区域气候恶劣情况等因素的负影响,系数依次为:2.22、3.98、1.93、2.26、1.48、-1.63、-2.43、-0.92。(3)牧户的生计水平、退化感知和外部性认知是影响三江源牧户参与生态保护意愿的关键因素,牧户参与生态保护意愿的概率不仅仅是牧户出于自身利益和未知风险考虑下被动的响应,更是当地政府的环境知识宣传和保护投入影响下个体的抉择结果。(4)创造更多的就业机会和解决牧户的单一化生计问题,构建完善地生态补偿机制让牧户分享生态保护的外部性效益,并激励牧户主动参与生态保护行为响应,才能最终实现区域生态保护、牧户幸福和生态经济可持续发展的多赢局面。

Sanjiangyuan Region is the headstream area of three main rivers in Asia, i.e. Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Lancangjiang River （Mekong）. It is an important ecological barrier of the local and regional environmental security and sustainable development, not only for China but also for the southeastern Asian, In recent decades, however, grasslands in Sanjiangyuan Region were seriously disturbed or destroyed by both global climate change and human activities, which led to sharp decrease of nourishing capacity of source water and serious environmental problems of the lower reaches. Since 2005, Chinese government began to implement a series of activities, e.g. ＇ Returning Grazing Land to Grassland Project＇ and ＇Ecological Migration Project＇ , in Sanjiangyuan Region to alleviate the situation of grassland degradation, and gradually restore and protect the ecological environment. The success of such projects in Sanjiangyuan Region depends largely on local herdsman＇s active response, support and participation because herdsmen＇s ecological protective cognition and behavior response to grassland degradation is the key to the effective implementation of ecological protection and herdsmen＇s participation willingness directly influences the accomplishment efficiency and sustainability of ecological protection.In this paper we surveyed 283 Tibetan herder household and tried to explore the key influential factors of their participation willness with the binary logistic model analysis. Several conclusions can be drawn from this investigation ： （ 1 ） About 87 percent ofherdsmen have realized the externality of ecological protection, but only 70 percent of herdsmen passively pal^ticipated in ecological protection based on bounded rationality with government domination. （ 2 ） Factors like government＇ s protection efforts, herdsmen＇s cognitive level of ecological protection externalities, livelihood level, the degree of contact with the outside world and career opportunities have positive affects on herdsmen＇s participation willingness in ecological protection, while factors like age, the distance to the towns and regional extreme climate have negative impacts on the ecological protection wiliness, These factors＇ influence coefficient are 2.22,3.98,1.93,2.26,1.48,-1.63 ,-2.43 and -0.92. （3） The livelihood level, grassland degradation perception and externalities cognitive are the most important factors of herdsmen＇s participation willingness in ecological protection, The probability of Herdsmen＇s participation wiliness is not only the passive response to the consideration of their own profit and the unknown risk but also the individual choices under the influence of ecological protection education and input of local governments. （4） In order to realize regional ecological protection, the wellbeings of local herdsmen and ecological and economical sustainable development, we should basically solve the present livelihood of the herdsmen who living on the local grasslands in the Sanjiangyuan Region and emphasize on the environmental education in their religious and local livings, formulate the conservation strategies and management planning of grasslands with an emphasis on improving both human livelihood and the environmental protection. We should also build a better ecological compensation strategy which lets herdsmen enjoy the externalities effectiveness of ecological protection and then take an active part in ecological protections of Sanjiangyuan Region.