论我国要物合同立法的应然选择

On the Necessary Choice of Our Real Contract Legislation

要物合同可区分为传统型的与非传统型的。消费借贷、使用借贷、寄托这些传统要物合同本质上是无偿的,当事人在此情形通常期望以交付作为终局性发生法律约束意愿的表征。现代立法者一般从此等生活事实出发,将它们设计为要物的;某些传统要物合同类型下的合同具有偿性,却因受限于法律传统采用了同样的名称,是学说错误发展的产物,已不合时宜。在此之外,亦有立法者出于特定的立法目的利用前述法律设计,将某些非传统要物合同设定为要物的。就我国立法如何选择,建议根据合同的有偿或无偿性质、当事人的交易习惯、行为是否具有公益性、立法者的政策需要等因素,综合判断某种合同是否须要物,并在确定定性为要物合同的场合采取统一的典型要物合同的立法行文模式。

Real contract can be classified into the traditional and the untraditional. Loan of consumption, loan for use, and commodatum of these traditional real contracts essentially are gratuitous, under which the lit- igants normally expect the delivery be taken as token of legal constraints. Modern legislator often started from facts of life, designing them as the real; some traditional real contracts possess paid character, but fail to give them the same names due to legal tradition. In addition, in the view of specific legislation goal, legislators em- ploy previous legal design, set untraditional real contract as the real. As for the choice of our legislation, the paper suggests whether some kind of contract is real according to nature of contract, trading habits of litigant, the public interest of behaviors, and policy demands from legislator. In the occasion of judging of real con- tract, we take the unified-typical contract as contract legislation writing mode.