自我与他者:日本近代小学教科书的中国形象

The Selves and the Others: The Image of China in Textbooks for Primary Schools in Modern Japan

近代以来,日本对于周边东亚邻国,特别是对中国的"差异化"处理,作为突显近代日本"文明国家"的重要手段,促使日本人在小学教科书中创造出大量各种形式的中国形象。随着时代的发展,从对经典中国的向往和失望,到对落后中国的偏见和歪曲,以及对中国民众的歧视和诋毁,日本人通过小学教科书所体现出来的对中国的认识一步步走向了意识形态的极端。日本教科书中的中国形象是日本人和日本民族理解自身的方式之一,其中包含着日本人对"中国"这个他者的理解,同时更多的包含着他们对于文化的差异对立、优劣等级的自我阐释,它在代表中国的同时更代表着作为想象主体的日本自身。

Since modern times,the differentiated treatment of its neighbors in East-Asia,especially China,is an important way to make Japan prominent as a Civilized Country,therefore the Japanese have created numerous kinds of images of China in textbooks for primary schools.As time goes on,from admiration and disappointment for traditional China,to prejudice and misrepresentation of underdeveloped China as well as discrimination and imputation of the Chinese people,what Japanese people know about China reflected in their textbooks for primary schools has been going to the extremes step by step.The image of China in Japanese textbooks is a way for Japan and its people to understand itself,which includes its understanding of China as an otherness,as well as their self-explanation of cultural differences,advantages and disadvantages.This does not only represent China but also Japan itself as the subject of imagination.