20世纪50年代少数民族社会性质调查与史学论争的互动关系

The Interaction between Investigation of Ethnic Minority Social Nature and Historical Dispute in the 1950s

重新梳理新中国成立以来的文献资料和史学研究成果可以发现:20世纪50年代中期开展的少数民族社会性质调查,既是为了满足少数民族地区民主改革的政治需要,也具有丰富马克思主义社会理论和强调中国特性的双重追求。更重要的是,从学术的内在脉络来看,社会性质调查本身呼应了史学界关于"古史分期"讨论的需要,其调查材料和结论在后续的论争中被广泛引用,为史学研究开辟了新的理论和资料来源。其背后的原因是,以泰勒和摩尔根为代表的"文化遗存法"这一古典人类学研究范式已经部分改变了中国历史学的理论和方法。这是关于少数民族社会性质调查的既有研究成果触及不多的重要理论课题。

Through reviewing literature and historical studies after the founding of the New China, we can find that in the 1950s, investigations of ethnic minority social nature were carried out to meet the political needs of democratic reform in ethnic regions, to enrich social theory of Marxism as well as to emphasize Chinese characteristics. More importantly, in academic perspective, social nature investigations responded to the discussion of staging ancient history in the field of historical studies, and the data and conclusions were widely quoted in subsequent arguments, which provided new material sources for establishing new theories. The reason lies in the fact that the Cultural Heritage Law of Tyler and Morgan, a classical anthropological paradigm, has caused changes in theory and methodology of Chinese historical studies. This is an important theoretical project in the field of ethnic minority social nature investigation which has not been studied sufficiently.