才女之累赘：李清照的重塑与再造

Burden of a Talented Female Poet:The Refashioning and Recreation of Li Qingzhao

才华洋溢、自视甚高而对同人批评相当苛刻的李清照,在宋代是个异数。当时女作家不似明清时期那么受文坛接纳,没有鼓励、同情她的男士,更没有一群女词人可作为她的后盾,以一位女子单枪匹马地闯入男士的文学领域,李请照所面临的敌意,可从她自己的作品以及早期对她的评论中看到端倪。她逝世数百年后,议论依然莫衷一是,一般文人肯定她的才华,但对其不守妇道则不能原谅。可是到了清代,这分歧竟然得以化解,而化解的方式我们现在看来也似乎不可思议,领头替李清照"雪冤"的居然是一群很有名望的考据学家。李清照这一被重塑了的形象,民国时被写入文学史,至今仍广植人心。本文探讨李清照逝世后被重塑的三方面:历代评论对她词作中的主人公的解释;清代学者否定她再嫁的争论;元明清时期属于她词作篇数增多的问题。

As a talented poet and harsh critic of other writers of her day,Li Qingzhao was an anomaly in her time.In the Song Dynasty,there was not yet the acceptance of female writers that began to take hold in Ming-Qing times,nor was there a community of literary women or empathetic men to offer encouragement.The hostility Li Qingzhao faced as a woman venturing into the male domain of letters may be glimpsed both in what she wrote and what early critics wrote about her.In later centuries she continued to be a controversial figure,as the critical tradition struggled to come to grips with this woman who was exceptional in her conduct as well as her writing.The conflict in her reception history between literary merit and ideals of womanly behavior came to a head in the Qing Dynasty.The Qing resolution of that conflict, which strikes us as disingenuous today,was effected through a concerted campaign led,oddly enough,by leaders of the school of Evidential Learning.Their refashioning of Li Qingzhao was universally accepted in the Republican period and written into the earliest national histories of Chinese literature.This article examines three aspects of the refashioning of Li Qingzhao in the centuries after her death:the critical tradition of identifying the 'voice 'in her song lyrics with the historical Li Qingzhao,the Qing Dynasty scholarly campaign to deny that she ever remarried,and the problem of the accretion of Song lyrics attributed to her during the Yuan,Ming,and Qing dynasties.Each of these three contributed to the creation of a 'Li Qingzhao,'complete by the end of the Qing Dynasty.That is still with us today.