成黑色素细胞生成过程中信号调节的研究进展

Signal Regulation for Melanoblast Cytopoiesis Process: A Review

动物体内的黑色素细胞合成了黑色素从而决定其肤色和毛色。全身各处的黑色素细胞有2种来源:①由神经管上皮细胞分化而来的视网膜色素上皮细胞;②由神经嵴细胞在胚胎发育早期分化为成黑色素细胞进而发育成熟为黑色素细胞从而行使其功能。通过对小鼠和人类的发育遗传学研究,结果表明神经嵴细胞衍生的黑色素细胞的发育分化是一个非常复杂的过程,受到多重信号因子的调控。其中影响黑色素细胞发育过程的转录因子有SOX10、MITF和PAX3,信号通路有KIT及其配体KITL信号通路、WNT/β-catenin信号通路、EDN3及其受体EDNRB信号通路。MITF被认为是黑色素细胞发育过程中非常关键的调控因子,而3条通路也被认为与神经嵴细胞来源的黑色素细胞的发育有极为密切的关系且能调节MITF功能及其活性。作者总结了这个领域的研究进展并指出早期神经嵴细胞的发育调控可能是乌骨鸡和乌骨绵羊乌质性状形成的根本原因。

Melanocytes synthetise melanin which determine skin and coat color for animals. There are two generate ways about melanoma cells throughout the body. One way is through the retinal pigment epithelial cells which are divided from medullary epithelium cells. The other way is through melanoblasts, in the early embryonic development, neural crest cells differentiate into melanoblast firstly, these cells continue to develop into mature melanocytes. After reviewing on the development of mouse and human genetics, we had proved that it was a complex process of melanin derived from neural crest cells. The development and differentiation of melanocytes were regulated by multiple signaling factors. Among the rest there were some transcription factors SOX10, MITF and PAX3, and three signaling pathways, KIT and KITL, WNT/β-catenin, EDN3 and EDNRB. The MITF was considered as the most important regulatory factor during the development of melanocytes.Three pathways were also considered closing to the development of melanocytes and regulating the function and activity of MITF. This article summarized the research progress on the development of melanocytes and indicated that early developmental regulation of neural crest cells might be the fundamental reason which caused the formation of hyper-pigmentation traits in silky fowl and Black-boned sheep.