康德关于自由论题的理路及其现实困境

The Theoretical Path of Kant's Argument on Freedom and Its Practical Dilemma

康德撇开基督教以启示方式对自由及其实现问题所作的思考路径,指出了幸福论法则在自由问题上所必然导致的自我困境,因而完全从理性存在者自身所具有的善良意志出发,通过"理性为自身立法"的哲学革命完成了对自由及其实现问题的系统理性建构。由于康德把自由理解为有理性的存在者完全凭借自身的理性,自身为自身颁布"定言命令"这一普遍法则并将之表象化为实际行动,最终却公设"灵魂不朽"和"上帝存有"来保证自由的实现,因而呈现出在该问题思考上从"人—人"关系到"人—神"关系的基本思路。马克思认为,人的自由问题是一个现实实践问题,因而仅仅诉诸康德的纯粹形式法则不可能真正得以实现。

Kant abandoned the thinking predicament when the law of eudaemonism path of freedom by Christianity, and pointed out the self- in face of freedom. So Kant completed the systematically rational construction of freedom and its realization by self-legislation of reason, starting entirely from good will of rational beings. Since Kant understood freedom as human beings enacted and carried out the categorical imperative completely by reason of themselves, and finally emphasized the need to suppose the immortality of the soul and the existence of God, His argumentation revealed a logic from people-people relationship to people-God relationship. In contrast, Marx argued that freedom was a practical issue other than Qnly a theoretical or logical issue, therefore, it was impossible to realize the freedom of human ,beings only through the purely formal laws. y words： Kant ; Freedom ; Practical Reason ; Categorical Imperative ; Actual Predicament