和平心理学:历史、模型和展望

Peace Psychology: History,Theoretical Models and Directions

和平心理学是近20年在心理学内部兴起的一种以和平心理研究实现世界和平愿景的心理学运动,主要经历了孕育、萌生、形成等三个阶段。目前最具影响力的理论模型主要包括三维和平理论模型、和平自我理论模型、过程式多维积极和平理论模型。和平心理学使心理学的和平研究价值得到回归,扩大了心理学的研究视野。未来的和平心理学理论需要突破资本主义制度内自我改良式的局限,提升到马克思主义和平本质理论的高度,需要加强与积极心理学、社会心理学的跨领域整合、重视多元方法的运用、进行更多的实证研究、考虑跨文化因素的影响。结合我国当前外交、军事、国内社会现状,在我国开展和平外交心理研究、转型期社会和平稳定发展心理研究,将势在必行、大有作为。

Peace psychology for a peaceful world is a new trend in the last twenty years within the psychology field. It went through three main periods. Its incubation was closely associated with World War I and World War II and its aim was to find a universal peaceful way to solve world＇s conflict by tracing the psychological reasons for war. It sprouted during the cold war, widened its research field and gained a reputation within social sciences for its outstanding role in international peace decision makings. In the post -war age, peace psychology advocated positive peace, which combined nature of peace with human esteem, well being improvement and social peace transformation. It developed into new a course with its own research perspective, research foundation, research themes and methodolo- gy. Nowadays there are three most influential theoretical models in peace psychology. Guhung＇s Three - dimensional Peace Theory Mod- el contributes a lot to the nature of peace exploration, which combines human need for happiness and esteem improvement. Brenes＇ Model of Peaceful Selfhood stresses peaceful personality development from inner level, interpersonal level, societal level and ecological level. Thus, peace psychology shares some ecological characteristic in its perspective. Christie＇s Multilevel Model of Positive Peace Processes emphasizes peace development from a societal peace system transformation. And it shows the important role of peace psychol- ogy in social problem solving. Peace psychology research has restored the peace value in psychology and enlarged its research vision as well. In the future, for further development, peace psychology needs a peace - oriented theoretical breakthrough out of the capitalist system into a Marxist framework. The eternal peace will be gained by humanity when communism comes true, where the interpersonal and societal conflict will disappear completely and the proper human needs at different levels will be met. The study of peace psychology should strengthen further the integration with positive psychology since they share the same research themes such as well being and es- teem. Psychological peace research should enhance research in social psychology, since the two could cooperate in campus peace educa- tion, trustful relationship fostering among teenagers, multicultural understanding and tolerance nourishment, and environmental safety improvement. Discourse analysis under a methodological pluralism perspective is highly recommended since peace perception is regarded primarily as a subjective experience. Peace psychology also should conduct more empirical studies insocial life and the success field re- search implemented in Middle East Asia to promote the relationship between Israeli citizens and Palestine citizens, which shows that more positive and friendly contact could promote the relationship among members from different adversary nations. There will be a brigh- ter future for peace psychology based on a wide framework in a cross - cultural context and a multi methodological perspective. Based on the analysis of Chinese current situation of diplomacy, military and domestic development, it will be highly practical to implement fur- ther research in peaceful diplomacy psychology, peaceful societal building while China is undergoing transformations.