加工效能理论到注意控制理论:焦虑运动表现的新诠释

Processing Efficiency Theory to Attentional Control Theory:New Perspective for Anxiety-performance Relationship in Sport Psychology

加工效能理论及在此基础上提出的注意控制理论从工作记忆和更细化的执行功能的角度解释焦虑影响操作表现的可能机理。加工效能理论有两个核心要点:焦虑对加工效能的影响大于对操作成绩的影响;焦虑干扰工作记忆的中央执行系统。注意控制理论也有两个核心要点:焦虑损害目标导向的注意系统;焦虑干扰中央执行系统的抑制和转移功能。焦虑运动表现关系是竞技运动心理学的热点话题,由此使得两个理论在竞技运动领域具有特殊价值。评述了两个理论在竞技运动领域的实证研究,并讨论了未来研究的方向:继续探讨两个理论与其他焦虑运动表现关系理论的联系、提高研究范式的稳定性、考虑认知负荷的影响、关注状态焦虑的作用及开展更多应用性研究。

Sport psychology literature extensively reveals that competitive anxiety affects athletic performance （Sarason, 1984）. However, the specific mechanisms of such negative relationship occurred between anxiety and performance still need to be further examined. Recently, processing efficiency theory and attentional control theory are further studied for attempting to explain the anxiety-performance relationship specifically in the areas of working memory and executive functions. Based on the research findings （Eysenck ＆ Calvo, 1992）, there are two theoretical assumptions for the processing efficiency theory： （1） anxiety impairs processing efficiency more than performance effectiveness, and （2） anxiety impairs the central executive system of working memory. Whereas, attentional control theory is a major development of processing efficiency theory （Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, ＆ Calvo, 2007）. Accordingly, there are also two theoretical assumptions for attentional control theory： （1） anxiety impairs goal-directed attentional system, （2） anxiety impairs efficiency of inhibition and shifting functions. Evidently, processing efficiency theory and attentional control theory both provide the useful frameworks to explain the specific mechanisms of anxiety-performance relationship, which is an imperative topic in sport psychology. Thus, the main purpose of this presentation is twofold： （1） to review the empirical research studies based on these two theories and （2） to recommend the implications for future research. Hopefully, our presentation would promote to further examine other anxiety-performance theories, improve the consistency of research protocol, take the cognitive perspectives into consideration of our research endeavor, and pay more attention to the effect of state anxiety for the purpose of enriching applied research literature. Key wards： anxiety; processing efficiency; attentional control; inhibition; shifting