试论宋元明清时期封建王朝的治边方略

On the Frontier-ruling Strategies of the Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing Feudal Dynasties

与以往相比,宋元明清诸王朝的治边方略大致呈现出一种波动起伏的特点。两宋奉行"守内虚外"、强干弱枝的方略,在具体的边疆政策上,体现为明显的消极"守势政策",然其传统夷狄观念甚为强烈。元朝尤其是前期秉承草原游牧民族的习性,对开疆拓土十分积极,同时,元朝对传统的"华夷之辨"观念较为淡薄,但其民族政策开明与落后并存。明朝治边方略核心是"守在四夷",其重点是防范北部边疆的蒙古势力,在南方地区,其策略则是守境安民,达到稳定的目的。清代前期的治边方略仍是"守中治边",但对边疆地区持有积极态度,后期治边思想与方略的局限性逐步明显。

Compared with past dynasties, the frontier-ruling strategies of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing feudal dynasties are characterized with obvious sharp fluctuation. The south Song and north Song dynasties stick to the strategy of ＂consolidate the domestic and weaken the frontier＂. Their frontier strategy shows obvious policy of ＂defensive position＂, while their Yidi concept is very strong. The Yuan Dynasty takes the customs of nomad especially in its earlier period and is interested in exploration and expansion. Meanwhile the traditional concept of Hua-Yi distinction is weak and the open and backward of its nationality policy co-exist. The core of frontier-ruling policies in the Ming Dynasty is to defend Si-yi, especially northern Mongolia. In southern regions, its stable policy is to keep the territory and give peace to people. Frontier-ruling strategy of the earlier period of the Qing Dynasty is still to govern the border and defend the domestic, positive to frontier regions, but strategy in the later period show obvious limitations.