明治时期日本文化人的北京体验及其政治、文化心态

Meiji Japanese Intellectuals' Sense of Beijing and Their Political and Cultural Mentality

在日本文化视域中,北京的形象由虚而实、由无足轻重而变得举足轻重始于明治时期。明治时期来北京的日本文化人,既在那里"一叶知秋"地探察了近代中国政治、文化态势与走向,更试图从中发现对中国"一剑封喉"的现实方策。深受汉文化浸染的汉学者的北京之行多充溢感伤情调。这种失落源于以帝都萧索破落的景观为表象的中国传统文化的衰败、孔教在近代中国的失效以及"礼仪之邦"国民的鄙俗化堕落等等。带着北京之行获得的高度文化自信和"彼消此长"的自得,为实现对华文化侵略,他们开始了理论及实践层面的谋划与探索。文化侵略之外,领土、经济利益等层面的诉求使日本对华走向了侵略扩张的道路。甲午战争中,福泽谕吉等重要文化人剑指北京的"扼喉"之论,对战事的展开起到了推波助澜的作用。甲午战后,作为胜利一方的日本走上了与西方列强联手侵华的道路,近代北京也因此被强制地染上了"世界色彩",并因其具"咽喉"意义,遂成为列强在华利益争衡的枢纽。《辛丑条约》中有关列强在京驻兵等条款以及作为治外法权地"国中国"的东交民巷,都使中国的主权与民族尊严遭遇极大的挑战,成为中国近代史上难以抹灭的国耻,也极大地左右了大正、昭和时期来京日本文化人的北京书写。

In Japanese cultural perspective, the time in which the image of Beijing turned from fantasy to reality, from nothingness to somethingness, started from Meiji period. Japanese intellectuals who came to Beijing in Meiji period both probed into the political and cultural trends of modern China by means of ＂a straw in the wind＂, and tried to find out a throttling means to conquer China. In other words, the trip to Beijing of those soaking-in-Chinese-culture sinologist is filled with sentimentality. This feeling originates from many causes, for instance, the collapse of Chinese traditional culture featured by the superficially ruined scene of the imperial city, the abating effect of Confucian creed, and the corruption of citizens in ＂the state of ceremonies＂. With the strong cultural confidence and the awareness of ＂this down, that up＂ gained from their trip to Beijing, in order to realize their ambition of cultural invasion of China, the Japanese started to plot and explore at theoretical and practical level. Besides cultural invasion, seeking territorial and economic benefits drove Japan to the road of invasion of China.