仪式的要素与仪式研究——以国内个案对国外人类学仪式理论的再探讨

On the Ritual and its Essential Factors——Review of the Abroad Anthropological Theory of "Ritual" with Domestic Cases

本文用在国内两个族群——花腰傣和坳瑶中采集的田野个案,对国际人类学界主流的仪式定义进行分析和比照,对仪式的"技术性"与"超自然"、仪式的"神圣"与"禁忌"、仪式的"象征"与"符号"、仪式的"非亚里士多德"式定义及操作化等问题开展讨论,检验以上观点是否普适。进而依据认知论视角提出了新的仪式要素,即作为仪式的人类活动,蕴含了特定民族的排他性"文化事实",并从研究者和研究对象之间共同性的建立,提出人类学研究的"进深"可能。

With cases collected fi＇om long term field work in two domestic ethnic groups （the Flora-beh Dai and Ao Yao）, this paper analyzes the predominating definitions of ＂ritual＂ in academic circles of anthropology. In order to examine the universality of the theory, the paper discusses many issues such as ritual＇s ＂technique＂ and ＂supernatural＂, ＂sacredness＂ and ＂taboo＂, ＂ metaphor＂ and ＂ symbol＂, the ＂ non-Aristotle＂ definition and operational definition. The author presents a new point of view on ritual＇ s essential factors from the perspective of epistemology： as a human activity, ritual containing certain ＂ progressive meanings＂ based on an excluded ethnic ＂ cultural facts＂. Presuming the intereommunity between informants and anthropologists, the author displays the possibility of ＂further study＂ in anthropological field.