关于汉语词类功能转移的几点思考

Reflections on the Functional Shift of Chinese Word Classes

本文首先讨论了词类功能转移的性质判定,认为判定兼类在理论上和实践上都存在对"特征原则"重视不够的情况,并补充了"结构原则"。提出活用向兼类的转变是一种词汇扩散,但是活用和兼类是有界限的。书面语中凝固化的现代汉语词类功能转化的能力等级存在差异:动词>名词>形容词>副词>区别词、方位词、代词>数词、量词>拟声词、介词>连词>叹词、助词>语气词。表述功能是形成转化能力不等式的首要因素,上述转化能力不等式大体上符合郭锐建立的表述功能不等式:陈述>指称>修饰>辅助。表述功能的地位越高,其转化能力越强。最后讨论了实词词类转化的方向性:实词的兼类不具有单向性,各种兼类中既存在谓词体词化方向,也存在体词谓词化方向,实词之间的功能转化是词汇化而不是语法化。

This paper firstly discusses how to judge the quality of word class shift,it finds that the principle of characteristics was not attached sufficient importance to,and supplies principle of structure. It concludes that shifting to concurrence is lexical diffusion,but there is a boundary between temporary flexible use and concurrence. Then it draws a hierarchy of capacity of shifting： verb 〉 noun 〉 adjective 〉 adverb, localizer, pronoun 〉 numeral, classifier 〉 onomatopoeias,preposition 〉 conjunction 〉 interjection, particle 〉 model. This hierarchy conforms to the hierarchy of pragmatic function by Guo Rui： predication 〉 reference 〉 modification 〉 auxiliary. The higher the status of pragmatic function,the stronger the capacity of transfer. A1 last it discusses the direction of conversion of content words. It concludes that conver- sion among content words is lexicalization,not grammaticalization.