文白异读的形成模式与北京话的文白异读

The Formation Models of Different Literary and Colloquial Readings and the Literary and Colloquial Readings in Beijing Dialect

基于早期文白异读的研究成果,可对现代汉语方言中文白异读的形成模式加以归纳,除学术界此前已有初步共识的相互借用、权威方言影响、强势外来语覆盖等几种模式外,通过贵州毕节方言文白异读的情况可知,因方言混合而导致的文白异读也是一种重要的形成模式。根据现代北京话的音系特点、地理分布形态、移民来源和历史文化背景,其是明清两代河北和山东移民在东北混居以后形成的一种混合性方言。从方言混合的角度来解析北京话的文白异读,可以将其离析为不同的方言层次:其文读音是山东方言的读音,而白读音是河北方言的读音。北京话文白异读反映的实际上是不同来源的方言差别。

Based on previous research on literary and colloquial readings,this study summarizes the formation models of literary and colloquial readings in modern Chinese dialects as follows:mutual borrowing,influence of a prestige dialect,and coverage of powerful loanwords.Our study of the literary and colloquial readings in Bijie dialect of Guizhou Province shows that the mixing of dialects is also an im portant cause for different literary and colloquial readings.According to its phonological features, geographical distribution,source of immigrants,and historical and cultural backgrounds,modern Beijing dialect is a mixed dialect that has emerged from Hebei and Shandong im migrants living together in the northeast during the Ming and Qing dynasties.As such,we can decompose the literal and colloquial readings of Beijing dialect into different dialectal levels:whereas its literary readings are those of Shandong dialect,its colloquial readings are those of Hebei dialect.The literary and colloquial readings of Beijing dialect actually reflect the dialectal variations of different sources.