论西夏的土地制度

ON LAND SYSTEM OF XIXIA KINGDOM

西夏土地制度大致可分为国有、贵族大土地占有、寺院土地占有与小土地占有四种形式。在国有土地上进行生产的主要为屯田兵士、具有农奴身份的“佃耕者”与服苦役者。党项贵族占有大片土地 ,除在宋夏沿边地区采取封建租佃制外 ,地中、畿内主要役使各类依附民进行生产。寺院土地关系是世俗土地关系的缩影 ,其生产者也主要由依附民组成。西夏境内虽存在为数众多的小土地占有者 ,但在官府与贵族首领的双重压迫下 ,大量破产沦为国家和贵族首领的依附民 ,这样就使得西夏社会沿着封建农奴制方向发展 。

The land system of Xixia kingdom included four parts,state owned,noble owned,monastery owned and peasant owned.The producers working in the state owned land primarily were farming soldiers,tenantries in serf status,prisoners and war captives.Diang Xiang nobles owned a large amount of land,and they parctised feudal land tenancy systern in the areas closed to the boundary of Song,and used attached people of all kinds.The monastery land relationship was roughly similiar to that of noble,they also used people attached to them.Although there were a large number of little land owners within Xixia realm,under the twofold oppression of the governments and Xixia nobles,most of them run down and had to cling to the state and nobles.Therefore,Xixia society developed along not the direction of feudal tenancy system or slave system but feudal serf system.